<p>The Bogan Cabin is a historic summer cabin on a private spur road off Cedar Crest Drive, near Bella Vista, Arkansas. Built c. 1925, it is one of a small number of surviving cabins  in this hill resort area. It is a single-story wood frame structure, with a gable roof that extends over a narrow open porch with a balustrade fashioned out of tree branches. A gabled wing extending to the east includes a covered carport and a porch, and a similar wing to the west shelters a deck. The cabin is surrounded on three sides by screened areas. The cabin represents a particularly creative use of outside spaces of the surviving cabins in the area.</p><br>
<p>The cabin was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, at which time it was painted white, also a departure from nearby cabins.</p><br>
<p>Cliveden Mansions is a heritage-listed villa at 17 Gregory Terrace, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1888 and extended in 1915, both to designs of George Henry Male Addison. It is also known as Chippendale. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first structure built at 17 Gregory Terrace was "Chippendale", a detached house designed by George Henry Male Addison for Selina Forth. A purpose-built boarding house was added in 1915 for Pauline Eschenhagan, also to the design of George Addison. Both the house and rear addition have continued to be used as boarding house accommodation since this time, and are currently known as "Cliveden Mansions".</p><br>
<p>Land in the settlement of Brisbane was first alienated from the Crown in 1856. Some of the earliest land purchases were made in the Spring Hill area, including lots along Wickham and Gregory Terraces. The site of Cliveden Mansions, described as portion 216, county of Stanley, parish of Brisbane, was originally granted to Patrick Bradley in 1861. The holding was later subdivided, and subdivisions 3 and 4 were acquired by the Crowther family in 1872. The Crowthers sold the property ten years later to Moses Ward, a Fortitude Valley chemist. Throughout this time, Post Office Directories indicate the property was vacant. Selina Forth became the owner of the property in 1888, and retained the title until her death in 1911. It was during Ms Forth&#39;s ownership of the property that Chippendale was built.</p><br>
<p>The construction of Chippendale was the result of human tragedy in the Forth family. Selina Forth was the wife of John William Forth, an alderman for the east ward in 1882 and 1883, and the owner of a large wholesale and retail produce business located in Elizabeth Street. The Forths, together with their ten children, were residents of Wickham Terrace in the early 1880s, before moving to Stanley Hall at Clayfield, built for the Forths in 1885-86. The Forths resided only a short time at Stanley Hall. Clara Forth, their 20-year-old daughter, died there in 1886, and shortly after the family returned from a visit to Europe toward the end of the year, John Forth was killed while helping transplant trees in a paddock near his home, on 28 December 1886. Selina Forth subsequently sold Stanley Hall in 1888, and purchased the Gregory Terrace property in the same year. She had George Addison of Oakden, Addison and Kemp design her house in 1888-89, and in 1890 she took up residence there, naming the house Chippendale. Mrs Forth lived in the house with her son William Forth, and, on occasion, two other women.</p><br>
<p>Following the death of Selina Forth in 1911, the beneficiaries of her will sold Chippendale to Pauline Emma Eschenhagen in 1913. Pauline Eschenhagen, together with her husband Carl, and later her son Edward, ran a very successful restaurant and catering business in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Anti-German sentiment during World War I forced the sale of the business in 1915, and Ms Eschenhagen mortgaged Chippendale and had the architect of the original house, GMH Addison, design the large boarding house extension to the rear of the property. It is thought the front northern addition to the house was also completed at this time. In 1915 the property was leased to Grace Tate who ran the property as a boarding house. Ms Tate held a lease on Chippendale, including the boarding house extension, at least until 1929. In the same year, the boarding house extensions were added. Ms Eschenhagen also had architect Thomas Ramsay Hall design a new villa residence further along Gregory Terrace next to St Joseph&#39;s College, and lived in this house with her family until her death in 1921.</p><br>
<p>As proprietor of the boarding house establishment, Grace Tate represented a common practice whereby many of Brisbanes boarding houses were run by women. The 1916 listing of boarding houses in Pughs Almanac noted 54 such establishments, of which 40 were run by women. The figures for 1918 show a similar pattern: 46 of the 66 boarding houses listed in Brisbane were operated by women. What was unusual about the Gregory Terrace boarding house was the purpose-built nature of the rear portion. It was a more common practice for boarding houses to be larger houses subdivided into smaller dwellings.</p><br>
<p>The construction and operation of the Gregory Terrace boarding house from 1915 reflects the popularity of Spring Hill and other inner-Brisbane suburbs as locations of boarding house accommodation at that time. Boarding houses existed in Brisbane from the earliest years of free settlement in the 1840s. From this era until the 1890s, boarding houses were particularly well established in the South Brisbane/West End/Woolloongabba, and Teneriffe/Newstead areas. The Brisbane floods of 1890 and 1893 adversely affected the popularity of South Brisbane however, and the population drifted to the north side of the river. Further impetus towards the establishment of boarding house accommodation in the inner-city suburbs occurred in the 1910s when the cost of living outgrow the rise in wages, a situation worsened by the outbreak of World War I in 1914. This economic pattern may have forced many into boarding house accommodation. The Great Depression of the 1930s certainly had this effect with an influx of labour into the cities in search of work.</p><br>
<p>Pughs Almanac and the Post Office Directories from the 1910s indicate the saturation of lodging houses in Wickham Terrace and Boundary Street alone. Pughs Almanac for the years 1916 and 1918 list 18 and 15 boarding houses in Wickham Terrace respectively, while in South Brisbane only seven are recorded for both years. The Post Office Directories for 1915-16 included listings for 195 boarding houses in Brisbane, of which six were listed in Boundary Street. While neither listing is conclusive, they do illustrate the importance of Spring Hill as a location of boarding houses.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s Spring Hill and other inner-city suburbs waned in their popularity as a "desirable address", and they remained unpopular for much of the remainder of the twentieth century. Wealthy residents increasingly relocated from their inner city dwellings to the suburbs, and the inner-city area was increasingly known as an industrial and working class area. These areas continued to be considered "undesirable" in the 1970s and early 1980s when there was a decline in the number of families with young children, and an increase in elderly and single people, migrants from non-English speaking backgrounds and Indigenous Australians residing in the area. Significant numbers of former residents of psychiatric institutions also began relocating to boarding house and hostel accommodation within inner Brisbane. Attitudes began to change in the mid to late 1980s and 1990s however, as inner-city gentrification occurred. Properties were increasingly acquired for middle-class residential, commercial, recreational and cultural uses, including many boarding houses. Between 1987 and 1996, 37 per cent of all boarding house premises in inner north Brisbane suburbs closed, and pressure of redevelopment of these places continues.</p><br>
<p>The Gregory Terrace boarding house remained in the Eschenhagen family until 1949, and was renamed "Cliveden Mansions" during the family&#39;s ownership, in 1941. The Canadian Pacific Tobacco Company Ltd purchased the property in 1949, and the property was owned by four different owners during the 1950s before being bought by Salem Tamer in 1958. Hunsoomie Tamer became a joint owner in 1967, and Salem and Hunsoomie retained the property until 1979 when it was purchased by Neil Gibbins and Elaine Katte. The current owners, Treklodge Pty Ltd, purchased the property in 1992, and continue to operate Cliveden Mansions as a boarding house.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane City Council building records indicate approval for alterations to the building was given in 1957. It is not certain what this work was, however it may have included various verandah enclosures and internal planning changes that currently exist.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cliveden Mansions consists of two main portions, the 1888-89 house fronting Gregory Terrace, and the 1915 boarding house extension to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The 1888-89 section of Cliveden Mansions is a two-storey rendered brick building, featuring timber-framed floors and roof, and corrugated iron roof cladding. Two original chimneys are visible above the roof line. A series of timber-framed additions exist to the northern and eastern sides of the masonry core. The northern addition has chamferboard external cladding which has been rendered. Timber-framed verandahs to two sides have also been enclosed.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the 1888-89 section consists of a series of major and minor rooms opening on to a central stairway and passage. A full room bay arrangement punctuates the otherwise rectilinear plan form and is surmounted by a distinctive octastyle roof. Most rooms have access to either the western or southern verandah. Much of the timber door and window joinery survives intact, including a coloured leaded glass main entry and coloured patterned glass stairwell window. The original timber internal staircase has been painted. Some original internal decorative finishes survive including moulded plaster cornices and ornate plaster ceiling roses.</p><br>
<p>The 1915 boarding house addition is a 2-3 storey timber-framed structure with a corrugated iron hip roof. The plan form is a simple series of single rooms accessed by a central corridor and opening out on to a narrow perimeter verandah. The eastern and southern external walls are clad with chamferboards while the northern external wall is of single-skin VJ construction.</p><br>
<p>The verandahs are simply detailed with timber dowel balustrades and timber French doors with fanlights opening out from the rooms. The verandah posts are stop chamfered. A modern steel stair is visible at the eastern end of the verandah.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the rooms are divided by single-skin VJ walls, interior ceilings and corridor walls are lined with VJ timber. Bathrooms are fitted with post-World War II fittings of varying styles and standards.</p><br>
<p>The existing brick and cast iron fence to Gregory Terrace is thought to be the original 1888-89 fence. Evidence of the front stairs and path with a distinctive 45 degree turn also survives.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cliveden Mansions was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cliveden Mansions is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history as an illustration of late nineteenth and twentieth century housing patterns in inner Brisbane. The 1888-89 section demonstrates a characteristic of Brisbane residential development whereby the wealthy built along hilltops and ridgelines, surrounded on the lower slopes and hollows by the less wealthy members of the community. It also demonstrates the expansion of residential development beyond the city centre in the later nineteenth century. The 1915 boarding house extension illustrates another housing pattern whereby inner-city suburbs such as Spring Hill had the highest concentrations of Brisbane boarding houses in the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The 1915 boarding house addition demonstrates rare aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage as a purpose-built boarding house. Most boarding houses were larger houses subdivided into smaller dwellings. The 1915 extension is also rare as a three-storey building constructed in light-weight timber framing.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The original 1888-89 house is important because of its aesthetic significance as a competent example of late nineteenth century Victorian domestic style architecture.</p><br>
<p>Victoria Flats is a heritage-listed apartment block at 369 Gregory Terrace, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect Thomas Blair Moncrieff Wightman and built by Cheesman & Bull. It is also known as Kilroe&#39;s Flats and Morella, Carinyah, Lumtah and Neerim. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 March 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Victoria Flats are understood to have been known initially as Kilroe&#39;s Flats, erected for Mrs Fanny (Frances) Kilroe. Designed by influential Brisbane architect Thomas Blair Moncrieff Wightman, they were amongst the first purpose-designed flats constructed in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>This part of Spring Hill had been surveyed into 2 acre suburban allotments in 1860. Allotment 253, which ran between Gregory Terrace (which at the time formed the town boundary) and Water Street, and included the site of the later flats, was purchased in May 1860 by William Gray of Brisbane for the sum of £62. In 1863 Gray subdivided the land into 12 smaller residential subdivisions and William (later Kinross) Street. Most of the blocks lower down the hill in Spring Hollow sold quickly, but Gray retained the blocks fronting Gregory Terrace (subs 1-3 of allotment 253 -1 rood 37.6 perches). This land remained vacant until Frances Kilroe, wife of Joseph Kilroe, acquired title in September 1918. The Kilroes erected a residence, Mirrunya, on subdivision 2, and were listed as resident there in the 1919–20 Post Office Directory. Joseph Kilroe was associated with the drapery and haberdashery firm of Finney Isles & Co., and had married Fanny Elliott in Brisbane in 1895.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, Mrs Kilroe made application to the Brisbane Municipal Council to erect a block of flats on Gregory Terrace, with the plans approved in November. The architect was listed as T.B.M. Wightman, and the contractors as Cheesman & Bull of Charlotte Street. The flats were erected on subdivision 1 of allotment 253, adjacent to Mirrunya, with frontages to Gregory Terrace and Kinross Street. Plans published in the Architectural and Building Journal of Queensland in June 1923 show a two-storeyed block of four flats (2 on each level), each with separate entrance, front verandah, vestibule, living room, dining room, kitchen, 2 bedrooms, rear sleeping verandah, bathroom, laundry and toilet. Details of the street fencing were also included. The flats were completed by mid-1924, and were known initially as Kilroe&#39;s Flats. Each of the four flats also had an individual name: Morella, Carinyah, Lumtah and Neerim. The name Victoria Flats may be a later descriptor.</p><br>
<p>The purpose-designed flat or apartment building emerged as a new form of residential accommodation in Brisbane during the 1920s, and Kilroes Flats on Gregory Terrace were amongst the earliest purpose-designed flats erected in the city, and certainly the first on Gregory Terrace, which became a popular location for blocks of flats in the later 1920s and 1930s. Brisbane, in comparison to Sydney where flat buildings were being erected from the early 1900s, was relatively slow to adopt this new form of domestic dwelling. Like most of Brisbanes purpose-designed flats, and similar to Melbourne rather than Sydney flats, Kilroe&#39;s Flats on Gregory Terrace were essentially suburban in nature: domestic in scale and design and located within a garden setting. They were unusual in that each flat had an entrance directly accessible from the street, rather than accessed from a common stairwell.</p><br>
<p>Three main types of purpose-designed flats evolved in Brisbane in the interwar period: moderate-rental blocks; prestigious and luxury flats or apartments; and the bachelor flat. Sometimes these were combined with professional chambers or shops. Kilroe&#39;s Flats, with their attractive street facades, private entrances, generously proportioned rooms, and up-to-date facilities (including built-in cupboards in the entrance, kitchen and bathroom), were clearly aimed at the higher-income, long-term rental market. The location was prestigious - situated on the high land along Gregory Terrace overlooking Victoria Park —and convenient to the Brisbane central business district.</p><br>
<p>The bulk of purpose-designed blocks of flats erected in Brisbane in the interwar period were intended as rental investments, rather than for immediate re-sale, as strata title was not available. Investors favoured centrally located positions, close to workplaces, shopping facilities, entertainment and schools, with easy access to public transport. Corner positions, which permitted plenty of opportunity to ensure flats were well lit and ventilated, were also favoured. Kilroe&#39;s Flats are early and important evidence of these considerations.</p><br>
<p>The designer of Kilroes Flats, Scottish-trained architect Thomas Blair Moncrieff Wightman, arrived in Brisbane at the age of 26. He first lectured in architecture at the Brisbane Central Technical College, then was employed by architects Atkinson and McLay in 1912, and was in private practice in Brisbane by 1913 - firstly on his own, then as Wightman and Phillips from 1914 to 1918. From 1919 he practised alone until his retirement and subsequent early death. He was a fellow of the Royal British Institute of Architects, and a councillor of the Queensland Institute of Architects (President in 1923-24, about the time he designed Kilroes Flats).</p><br>
<p>Wightman&#39;s work was well received in Brisbane, and his residential work is considered to be important in the development of interwar domestic architecture in Queensland. He established a substantial residential practice, and attracted prestigious commissions which permitted design experimentation in adapting the traditional Queensland timber house to meet changing social and functional requirements.</p><br>
<p>Kilroe&#39;s Flats are the only purpose-built flats in Brisbane identified to date as designed by Wightman. In these flats, Wightman employed elements of domestic bungalow style in the tradition of the Queensland high-set house. The verandah spaces in particular are illustrative of changing lifestyles in Brisbane during the interwar period, when verandah widths and designs were being experimented with to permit their use as outdoor living and sleeping "rooms".</p><br>
<p>The Kilroes did not reside in their Gregory Terrace flats, and by had left Mirrunya, which from March 1928 they let to Lillian Leitch as a private hospital. By 1942 Mrs Kilroe had been widowed. In that year she sold Mirrunya, but retained the flats on an enlarged subdivision (resub 2 of subs 1-3 of allotment 253 - 1 rood 4.2 perches). Following Fanny Kilroes death in 1948, the flats (building and land) were sold to Edward and Bridie Lynch in 1949. They remain with descendants of the Lynch family, and unlike many of Brisbanes interwar flats which have since been converted to strata title, are retained on a single title.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Victoria Flats are situated at the corner of Gregory Terrace and Kinross Street, Spring Hill, on the highest part of the ridge overlooking Victoria Park to the north and west. The principal elevation is to Gregory Terrace, to which the flats make a prominent streetscape contribution.</p><br>
<p>The building is domestic in scale and form. It is a two-storeyed brick building with 2 flats on each floor, each with a frontage to Gregory Terrace, and a sub-floor at the rear where the land slopes away toward Water Street The whole has a single, bungalow-style roof clad in terracotta tiles, with a short ridge and gablets at the apex, reminiscent of early 1900s houses, which unifies the building. Each flat has a separate front and rear entrance. Two symmetrically positioned, gable-roofed, external brick staircases at the front of the building give access to the two upper floor flats. At the rear, two separate external staircases also give access to the top two flats, but the original staircases have been replace with steel framing and concrete treads. The exterior walls are finished in stucco with decorative brickwork to the window sills. Windows on the ground floor have window hoods clad with terracotta tiles.</p><br>
<p>Each flat has a separate wrought-iron entrance gate on Gregory Terrace, with individual name plate in the gate: Morella, Carinyah, Lumtah and Neerim.</p><br>
<p>Internally, each flat is identical in arrangement, other than that the two flats on each floor are mirrored in plan. Although the two upper floor flats were initially designed with a different floor plan to the lower floor flats, all have been constructed to the ground floor pattern. In each flat, a small entrance hall leads into the public spaces - a living room and dining room with windows along the side of the building, and separated by a timber arch. A bedroom opens off each of these rooms on the party-wall side. The front bedroom has a small enclosed front balcony, and off the rear bedroom, through wide French doors, is a larger enclosed sleeping verandah. Originally the kitchen was located at the front of each flat, beside the front entrance hall, and accessed from what is now the living room (formerly the dining room). At an early date, in each flat, the kitchen has been converted to a bathroom, and the bathroom, which opened off the sleeping verandah at the back, was converted to a kitchen. The present "kitchens" retain the original wall and floor tiling associated with their former function as bathrooms: black and white patterned mosaic tiles on the floor and rectangular, white ceramic tiles finished with similar listello tiles, on the walls. Next to the original bathroom (now kitchen) and also accessed from the sleeping verandah is a toilet. In each flat, a rear door opens from the sleeping verandah onto a landing, off which is a separate, externally accessed laundry.</p><br>
<p>The floors are of extremely narrow timber boards, possibly japanned originally. The public rooms have early timber panelling, and plate and picture rails with decorative timber brackets, all of which has been painted. The ceilings retain their original fibrous-cement sheeting and timber battening arranged in decorative patterns. In at least one flat, the timber battening on the ceiling retains its dark staining, but most ceilings have been repainted. In each flat, there is a small triangular coat-cupboard in the entrance hall, and early built-in cupboards in the bathroom and kitchen. There is also an early, but not original, serving hatch between what is now the dining room (formerly the living room) and what is now the kitchen (formerly the bathroom). Windows throughout are timber-framed casements, most retaining their original patterned, opaque glass. The front door to each flat has a decorative oval leadlight window.</p><br>
<p>The front garden is enclosed along Gregory Terrace by the original fence of rendered brick, but the retaining wall and fence along Kinross Street has been replaced (late 1990s) with a cement block and picket fence. In the backyard is a mature Jacaranda tree and a set of three timber-framed, weatherboard-clad garages with a skillion roof, recently reclad. These are accessed from Kinross Street.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Victoria Flats was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 March 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Victoria Flats (Kilroe&#39;s Flats), erected, is important in demonstrating the pattern of residential development in Brisbane during the interwar years, being among the earliest purpose-designed suburban flats constructed in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>As early surviving purpose-designed flats in Brisbane, the place is rare, and important in illustrating changing community attitudes to desirable and acceptable forms of housing. The incorporation of separate street entrances for each flat also is comparatively rare among Brisbane interwar flats.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place remains highly intact externally and substantially intact internally, and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of early, purpose-designed, middle-class flats in Brisbane - including the domestic scale, design and layout; the garden setting; the inclusion of separate entrances and separate laundries; and the attention to aesthetic detail (including leadlights in the front entrance doors, decorative timber brackets to the internal picture and plate rails in the living and dining rooms, and early decorative wall and floor tiling to the original bathrooms). In addition, the location is illustrative of many of the principal concerns of investors in up-market flats, including: accessibility to public transport, workplaces, shops, schools and entertainment; aesthetics; and good light and ventilation.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has aesthetic value, and makes an important contribution to the Gregory Terrace streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has an important association with the work of Brisbane architect TBM Wightman, who was influential in the development of domestic architecture in Brisbane during the interwar years, and is the only purpose-designed block of flats identified to date as having been designed by him.</p><br>
<p>Centenary Pool Complex is a heritage-listed swimming pool at 400 Gregory Terrace, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect James Birrell and built in 1959. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 November 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Centenary Pool complex was constructed in 1959 by the Brisbane City Council, as its principal contribution to the celebrations marking the centenary of local government in Brisbane, proclaimed a City in October 1859, and the proclamation of the separation of Queensland from New South Wales in December 1859.</p><br>
<p>The complex was designed by Brisbane City Architect James Birrell and his staff, who commenced work on the design in 1957, and was completed in November 1959 at a cost of approximately £150,000. The contractor was Brisbane Master Builder, Cyril Porter Hornick. The project was Brisbanes first Olympic standard pool and diving pool complex and, until the construction of the Sleeman Sports Complex at Chandler in 1980, remained Brisbanes principal aquatic sports centre. The inclusion of an up-market restaurant was an innovative concept which raised the status of the complex above that of simply a sports facility.</p><br>
<p>The City Council&#39;s choice of a pool complex of Olympic standard, reflected the intense public interest in competitive swimming which had been generated by Australian successes at the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games. Not only was Australia the proud host nation; at the Melbourne Olympics, Australia produced its best performance ever, winning 13 gold medals - 8 in swimming events. Throughout Australia, the popularity of competitive swimming surged, and in the ten years following the Olympics, the Brisbane City Council built seven new public swimming pools. Of these, the Centenary complex was the only one to incorporate diving facilities. The BCC was keen to include a wading pool in the Centenary complex, one of its principal objectives being to provide facilities for children of an early age to be taught to swim.</p><br>
<p>Centenary Pool was the first public pool complex to be designed by the City Architect rather than by the City Engineers. The Langlands Park pool, the first public swimming pool built by the Council since the early 1930s, was completed in 1958 with some involvement from James Birrell, but had been started by the Engineering Department.</p><br>
<p>On a national level, Centenary Pool was an Olympic-size pool similar to the Melbourne and Canberra Olympic Pools constructed in 1955. As a type, all three are significant as constructed either for, or as a direct result of, the Melbourne Olympic Games.</p><br>
<p>James Birrell, Brisbanes City Architect from 1955 to 1961, produced a substantial body of civic work for the Brisbane City Council, including the Wickham Terrace Car Park, the former Toowong Municipal Library Building, Toowong Pool, and various suburban libraries. Of his civic work, the Centenary Pool Complex and the Wickham Terrace Carpark are his most important designs. From 1961 to 1966, Birrell was appointed Architect to the University of Queensland, overseeing the universitys second major phase of construction development. His most notable buildings from this period include Union College, the JD Story Administration Building, Staff House and the Agriculture and Entomology Building (the Hartley Teakle building). In 1966 he entered private practice.</p><br>
<p>Birrell had a talent for exploring new and exciting architectural trends, and of translating these to the Brisbane context. This is demonstrated in the design of the Centenary Pool Complex, which is unlike any of Birrells other work, and is not in the mainstream of modern international style architecture that was being practised in Australia in the 1950s. It is more closely related to the work of Oscar Niemeyer, (one of the principal designers of Brazils new capital, Brasilia, in the 1950s and 1960s. Like Niemeyer, Birrell attempted to create in the Centenary Pool design a work of art rather than a purely functionalist structure.</p><br>
<p>Like many architects of the 1950s, Birrell experimented with using familiar materials and technology in unfamiliar ways. The most innovative use of material in the Centenary Pool complex was in the structural steel in the restaurant and diving tower. Birrell utilised the skills of Brisbane shipbuilders Evans Deakin and Company to shape the top and bottom beams of the restaurant, and of local steel fabricators Sargeants to bend the steel core of the diving tower.</p><br>
<p>The complex was designed to fit into the slope of the hill overlooking Victoria Park, and little excavation was required. On technical aspects of the pools construction, such as the size and positioning of the filtration equipment, Birrell worked closely with the Brisbane City Councils Chief Health Officer, James Douglas Mabbett.</p><br>
<p>Underwater floodlighting and observation windows were included in the design, to permit coaches to view their pupils in action from below the surface. These features were highlighted at the official opening of the pool on the evening of 25 November 1959, when the Governor of Queensland, Sir Henry Abel Smith, was treated to an underwater diving display, viewed through the observation window to the diving pool.</p><br>
<p>The initial design of the complex included a landscaped entrance road and carpark to the south of the pool. Queensland subtropical landscape designer Harry Oakman, who was then manager of the BCC&#39;s Parks Department, is understood to have been responsible for the landscape design.</p><br>
<p>In 1960 the Centenary Pool complex was selected by the editors of the Melbourne publication Architecture and Arts as one of the top ten buildings in Australia. It was also the sole Queensland entry in the 1961 publication New Buildings in the Commonwealth, Australian material for which was compiled by Robin Boyd.</p><br>
<p>By 2009, the restaurant had been replaced by a gym and medical suites.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Centenary Pool complex comprises pools (a swimming pool, diving pool with diving boards and wading pool), a grandstand, a single storeyed bath house, and a two-storeyed restaurant and kiosk. These structures sit on a podium which is set into the north-eastern slope of Victoria Park. Constructed in concrete, steel, brick and glass, the elements of the pool form a loose composition of geometric and plastic forms. The complex is modernist-influenced in both design conception and detailing; in particular the buildings are related to the plastic expressionism of modernist architects and artists such as Oscar Niemeyer and Hans Arp.</p><br>
<p>The design of the pool complex was described by the architect in a brochure celebrating the opening of the pool: "The pools are arranged in a random manner so the festive air is developed. Pools in line become too regimented for a park setting....The general aesthetic scheme is that of a free form shape pierced with geometric incisions, that is the concourse with the pools in it....hovering above this is another free form volume with geometric shapes placed in it, that is the restaurant with access stairs, ceiling lights and the roof terrace". (Birrell, 1959)</p><br>
<p>The boundaries of the complex form a fluid rhomboid shape. Within this boundary the pools and buildings relate to a bisecting north-south axis which extends through the park and finishes at the facade of the University of Queensland Mayne Medical School. The axis locates the central concourse. To the east of this concourse is the swimming pool, measuring 165 ft by 60 ft, whose eastern edge is lined by a stepped concrete grandstand (designed to seat 1200). The diving pool, measuring 90 ft by 60 ft, is located in the north west corner of the site and has a four-level diving tower to its western end, and single level boards at each end. A round wading pool is located in the south west corner of the site. The bath house comprises a long curved building which hugs the edge of the slope, and is entered via a ramp leading down to a central ticket office. The restaurant, a raised pavilion with curvilinear walls, also sits on axis and overhangs the swimming pool. The restaurant building contains a kiosk at ground level, and is entered via a concrete ramp which arches over the roof of the dressing sheds.</p><br>
<p>The buildings exhibit a combination of sculptural and technical inventiveness in their design and detailing. The curvilinear walls of the restaurant are formed with faceted glazed panels set in circular steel columns. The building has a curved off-centre service core containing open-riser concrete stairs spiralling around a concrete riser duct. The service core merges through the roof of the buildings to give access to a roof terrace via oval-shaped doors. The terrace is encircled by a steel balustrade with continuous horizontal rails. The service core is clad with glazed tiles with diamond motifs. The kiosk at ground level is rendered concrete, and has strip windows, a service counter, and T&G boarding running under counter height.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the restaurant is a fluid, transparent space, with the kitchen at the centre encircled by a curved wall clad in T&G boarding. The northern end of the restaurant has a raised round lit floor which has translucent glass panes set in a steel frame.</p><br>
<p>The bath house comprises a series of externally expressed steel portal frames, with a concave rendered concrete masonry wall to the south with obscured glass louvres at high level, a convex brick wall to the north with steel louvres, and a metal deck roof. It contains female dressing areas to the west, male dressing areas to the east, and administration, storage and ticketing areas in the centre, flanked by corridors giving access to the pools. The administration and ticketing areas are timber-lined. The change rooms have ceramic tiled floors, and rows of large concrete benches. The female change room has blue terrazzo partitions, while its male counterpart has grey terrazzo and blue glazed ceramic tiled partitions. Externally the brickwork is left unstruck, to express the plasticity of the material (Kennedy, 1993).</p><br>
<p>The pools and podium area also exhibit considered technical, decorative and sculptural detailing. The main pool has ceramic tiled rounded edging, a scupper channel to absorb waves, and hexagonal ceramic tiled patterns at the ends of the lanes on the floor of the pool. The wading pool is tiled in fluid abstract patterns. The diving boards are supported on splayed concrete columns, from which spring splayed cantilevered platforms, and steel balustrades and stairs with central steel stringers; the diving tower has curved stairs clinging to its northern face. The podium is paved with hexagonal concrete pavers flecked with exposed aggregate, and has raised seating and planting areas with hexagonal concrete edging. The diving pool and main pool have portholes which are accessed via a "clubroom" below podium level.</p><br>
<p>The complex has complementary "modern tropical" landscaping around its boundaries. The eastern and southern edges of the complex have domestically-scaled tracts of brightly coloured tropical plantings (for example Acalyphas, Hibiscus, Travellers palms, Aloes). A substantial amount of this landscaping is original.</p><br>
<p>Centenary Pool is sophisticated in its design conception, and inventive in its sculptural and decorative detailing. The original plantings complement the buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Centenary Pool Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 November 1996 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Centenary Pool complex is historically significant as the Brisbane City Council&#39;s principal contribution to the Brisbane and Queensland 1959 centenary celebrations. Its construction also reflects the enormous popularity of competitive swimming in Australia following the successful 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It demonstrates the details, materials, and construction methods of a sculptural variant of Post-War International style. Nationally, Centenary Pool is a significant example of a 1950s Olympic-standard pool and diving pool complex, and can be ranked in importance with the Melbourne and Canberra Olympic pools.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is sophisticated in its design conception, and inventive in its sculptural and decorative detailing. The original plantings complement the buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>It is sophisticated in its design conception, and inventive in its sculptural and decorative detailing. The original plantings complement the buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Its social significance lies in its contribution to the development of competitive swimming in Brisbane, having been the city&#39;s principal aquatic sports centre from 1959 to 1980.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The complex is important as one of the major civic works designed by prominent Queensland architect James Birrell.</p><br>
<p>Grangehill is a heritage-listed detached house at 449 & 451 Gregory Terrace, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built in the early 1860s for Alexander Raff. It is also known as Grange Hill and St Teresa&#39;s Church Discalced Carmelite Priory & Retreat Centre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 September 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Grangehill is a substantial stone house which was constructed in the early 1860s, as the family home of Alexander Raff, a prominent member of Brisbane society and a later Member of the Queensland Legislative Council.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Raff was born in Forres, Elginshire, Scotland in July 1820, as the third son of James and Margaret Raff. Alexander arrived in New South Wales in 1845, following his eldest brother, George who had arrived in 1841. After first settling in Victoria pursuing pastoral interests, Alexander arrived in Brisbane, aboard the Souvenir schooner on April 9, 1851.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Raff was an active member of various organisations and societies, including the Brisbane School of Arts, where he was elected Treasurer in January 1854; the Pilots Board; the Queensland Horticultural and Agricultural Society and the Queensland Philosophical Society, in both of which he acted as Treasurer during the 1860s. Raff was the first president of the Young Mens Christian Association in Queensland. Other organisations of which he was a member include the Queensland Steam Navigation Company; the Board of National Education pending the passing of the Education Act in 1860; and, later, the mens steering committee for the Brisbane Childrens Hospital established in 1878. Alexander was a director of the Scottish Mutual Land and Mortgage Company; the Agricultural Company; the Brisbane Gas Company and National Mutual Life Association. Alexander continued his pastoral interests in Queensland, on his property, Logie Plains on the Darling Downs.</p><br>
<p>For many years from the 1880s Alexander Raff was a partner of Smellie and Co, looking after the financial interests of the company. Raff was an elder in the Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>In 1865 Alexander was appointed to the position of Official Assignee of Insolvent Estates and in 1868 he was promoted to the position of Curator of Intestate Estates. The Official Assignee was responsible for collecting the assets of an insolvent debtor and distributing them among the creditors; the Curator of Intestate Estates administered the estate of deceased persons, thought to have died intestate. In August 1884 Alexander Raff was appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council, a position he held until his resignation in June, 1910.</p><br>
<p>Raff married Elizabeth Millar Patterson, the elder daughter of a prominent Scottish medical family, in Sydney on June 5, 1862. The newly weds arrived in Brisbane aboard the Balclutha on June 13, 1862.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Raff purchased two blocks of land on what was to become Gregory Terrace on May 14, 1860 for £312.4.3. A third adjacent block was subsequently bought by Raff in 1864 from the original 1860 purchaser, John Frederick McDougall.</p><br>
<p>The first mention of Raffs occupation of Grangehill, is upon the birth of their first child, Jessie Watson, on the 18 April 1863, where Grangehill is nominated as the family home. It is presumed that Raff built the house after the purchase of land in 1860. Although the architect is unknown, a possible candidate would be James Cowlishaw, who designed a store for Alexanders brothers company, George Raff and Co in 1862 and later, in 1864, additions to Raffs Wharf in Brisbane. Cowlishaw is also thought to have been a personal friend of the Raffs.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1860s and early 1870s, Raff sold land on the Warry Street side of the block, and re-purchased it by 1874. In 1879 both John Petrie and Augustus Gregory built substantial family homes on property on Gregory Terrace previously purchased by them in the sale of 1860. By 1883 Warry Street had been extended north to Gregory Terrace, onto Raff&#39;s allotment 258.</p><br>
<p>Alexander and Elizabeth Raff had seven children, six of whom survived to adulthood. In August 1893, one of the daughters, Margaret Cumming Raff, married Mr T.C. Woolnough, in a ceremony held at Grangehill. It is thought that during the 1880s or 1890s a verandah was added to both stories of three sides of the house, and that bay windows were added to four of the principal entrance elevation.</p><br>
<p>On Alexander&#39;s death on January 26, 1914, the house was left in trust to his eldest son, James, who enabled the Red Cross to use it after the First World War as a convalescent home.</p><br>
<p>In 1924 Brisbane architects, Chambers and Ford, designed additions to Grangehill, converting the house into two flats, one of which James Raff moved into for a short time. These additions included a wing on the north west which housed a kitchen and laundry, and the closing of sections of the verandah for use as bathrooms. A new entrance to Grangehill was planned from Gregory Terrace, through the new wing.</p><br>
<p>By 1929, the Grangehill property was subdivided, when a Dr Henry Joseph Windsor is listed as living on the Warry Street corner of the property, in a timber house also designed by Chambers and Ford. On the Brunswick Street side of the property is a block of six flats which survive in 1995. From 1929, the two flats at Grangehill were let to a Mr Edward Kivas Tully and a PJ Teeley, who remained there until Mrs Adele Magnum is listed as running a boarding house from Grangehill for about two years from 1939. According to family history, Grangehill was then used by American soldiers in the Second World War. James Raff died in 1939, leaving the house in trust to his nephew, James Cluny Raff.</p><br>
<p>In 1949 the property was offered for sale by James Cluny Raff, and passed out of the family who had owned it since 1860. The auction notice for this sale notes a substantial wooden cottage on the block, no longer extant. The Discalced Carmelite Fathers purchased Grangehill in March 1950, and it has remained their headquarters and retreat centre until 1995. The Fathers made alterations to the house between 1965 and 1970. These included the demolition of the 1924 kitchen wing, and its replacement with another wing, the removal of the first floor bay windows, and the addition of some interior arch screens. A later addition saw the erection of a retreat centre abutting the south east side of the house. Subsequently the Carmelite community in Brisbane met at a number of temporary locations until the Carmelite nuns at Ormiston built a meeting place called Avila on their grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Grangehill, a two-storeyed Brisbane tuff and sandstone residence with a hipped corrugated iron roof, is located on an elevated position above Gregory Terrace to the northwest and has views over the surrounding suburbs of Fortitude Valley, Bowen Hills and Herston.</p><br>
<p>The roof, consisting of U-shaped hips with a central box gutter, has a raised central skylight and two rendered chimney stacks with cornice detailing. The building has verandahs to the northeast and southeast, with the ground floor of the southeast verandah having been removed during 1960s extensions (retreat centre), and northwest verandah having been removed for the 1950s extensions. The verandahs have cast iron balustrade panels with timber rails, chamfered timber verandah posts, and a rendered masonry base. The ground floor has an arched boarded timber valance with timber lattice panels above, which have been covered over with weatherboard, and the second floor has a raked ceiling lined with hardboard sheets with timber cover strips. The first floor of the southeast verandah has been enclosed with glass louvres.</p><br>
<p>The central entry projects slightly from the verandah and has paired corner posts, a timber arch to the ground floor, and sandstone steps, and was originally surmounted by a pediment which is no longer extant. The ground floor verandah walls are of coursed Brisbane tuff with dressed hammer-faced sandstone quoining to the main entry. The central entry, which has a panelled timber door with glass sidelights and fanlight assembly with the name GRANGEHILL in the fanlight, is surrounded by vermiculated sandstone quoining and is flanked by bay windows to either side which projects from the face of the wall. These bays have tall sash windows, with the southern bay incorporating a multi-paned glass door. The first floor verandah walls are finished in scribed render, and had similar early bays which have been removed, but evidence of their form can be seen in the verandah floor boards and ceiling sheeting. The southern bay has been replaced with a sliding aluminium framed glass door, and the northern bay has been replaced with a pair of timber framed French doors.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the building has mostly coursed hammer-faced sandstone with quoining to the corners and an expressed band at first floor level. Windows are multi-paned sashes, with a tall arched sash window at mid-floor level to the stair landing. Striped metal awnings and a brick rear entry lean-to have been added recently.</p><br>
<p>The two-storeyed northwest extension replaced the original two-storeyed verandah and attached kitchen, and consists of a rendered masonry structure with a corrugated iron gable roof and a large crucifix in relief on the northwest wall. Windows are metal framed casements, and a crucifix is affixed to the gable apex.</p><br>
<p>The southeast extension (retreat centre) consists of a two-storeyed U-shaped brick structure with a flat ribbed sheet metal roof. One side of the U-shaped structure replaced the southeast ground floor verandah, with the central section spanning over a driveway, and the southern side incorporating a sub-floor level.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has plastered masonry walls, ceilings, cornices and picture rails, and cedar joinery (some of which is painted) including panelled doors, architraves, corniced panels above doorheads, skirtings and staircase. The ground floor of the building has a central entrance hall with a large room to either side. The entrance hall has an arch, leading to a wider rear hall, with plastered extrados and imposts and a glass panel with the word CLOISTER. The northern room has an ornate plaster ceiling pendant and pendant light fitting, and a marble fireplace surround with tile inserts and cast iron screen. The southern room has a plaster ceiling pendant and a wide arch dividing the room in two, with two side doorways (originally with French doors opening to a verandah) which have painted glass fanlights each consisting of landscape scenes in sepia tones. The room originally had a white marble fireplace surround which has been removed.</p><br>
<p>The rear hall has two rooms opening to either side, with the northwest room having undergone a number of changes and now has timber framed glass doors within an original archway, and a partition wall of arches forming a central hallway. The rear hall has a painted half-turn with landings staircase with turned balustrade and square newel posts.</p><br>
<p>The first floor has a central hall with an arch, which has plastered extrados and imposts, opening to three front rooms. The northern room has been partitioned to create two rooms with a corridor at the rear accessing the northwest extension. A bathroom, which has been recently refitted, is located centrally and is lit by a skylight. An early storage cupboard adjacent to the bathroom retains the only section of pressed metal ceiling to the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The northwest extension has a kitchen, laundry and bathroom to the ground floor, with a staircase accessing the first floor which houses bathrooms and bedrooms. The southeast extension (retreat centre) has a chapel, confessionals, seminar room and bedrooms to the first floor, bedrooms and garages to the ground floor, and bedrooms to the sub-floor level.</p><br>
<p>The building is accessed off Gregory Terrace via a curved driveway with turning circle. The grounds include two large Fig trees to the east of the driveway, and several substantial Umbrella and Camphor Laurel trees. A stone embankment wall is located along the Gregory Terrace alignment.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Grangehill was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 September 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Grangehill is illustrative of the residential development of Spring Hill during the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The house is one of the earliest surviving in Brisbane and as such a rare extant example of a substantial 1860s stone residence.</p><br>
<p>Internal fittings which are early and rare include the lower floor ceiling roses, the lower floor ceiling with associated cornice, the painted glass transom windows and timber joinery.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Though it was extended at various times, the building retains a substantial amount of original fabric and is representative of a large early Victorian era residence.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Located on an elevated position, the building and grounds, including the driveway, landscaped grounds and stone embankment wall, make a substantial contribution to the amenity of the Gregory Terrace streetscape and Spring Hill townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Grangehill, a two storied stone residence constructed in Spring Hill in the early 1860s by prominent Brisbane businessman and pastoralist, Alexander Raff, has associations with the Raff family, who were instrumental in establishing various Brisbane businesses and institutions.</p><br>
<p>Grangehill was purchased by the Discalced Carmelite Fathers in 1950, and retains important associations with the order as their Queensland headquarters and Retreat Centre.</p><br>
<p>Mountview House is a heritage-listed detached house at 37 Leichhardt Street, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was originally built in the 1860s with a new wing added in 1882 designed by Andrea Stombuco. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 May 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest section of Mountview House, a two-storeyed stone residence, is believed to have been erected in the 1860s for Brisbane foreman carpenter Daniel McNaught. A two-storeyed brick wing designed by architect Andrea Stombuco was added in 1882, when the house was converted into a preparatory school for boys. This part of Spring Hill was surveyed officially into suburban allotments in 1856, but was soon subdivided for closer residential settlement by speculative landowners. Along with Kangaroo Point and Petrie Terrace, Spring Hill was among the earliest of Brisbanes dormitory suburbs, attracting wealthier residents to the high land along the ridges, and the less affluent to the hollows in between: Hanlys Hollow (between Wickham Terrace and Leichhardt Street), Spring Hollow (between Leichhardt Street and Gregory Terrace), and York&#39;s Hollow (to the north of Gregory Terrace - an area occupied by a number of brick-makers in the 1850s and 1860s, now Victoria Park).</p><br>
<p>The site on which Mountview House is located was part of a larger parcel of land (suburban portions 177 and 178, parish of North Brisbane - totalling just over 2 acres) with a frontage to Leichhardt Street, purchased from the Crown by Brisbane draper Richard Ash Kingsford in November 1856 at a sale of Villa Allotments at Hanley&#39;s Valley, Brisbane. In the early 1860s this property was surveyed into 18 residential allotments and a 40 feet wide road, later known as Downing Street.</p><br>
<p>In January 1863, Daniel McNaught of Brisbane purchased from Kingsford subdivisions 1 & 2 of suburban portion 178 (37.3 perches), at the corner of Leichhardt and Downing streets, located on the highest ground in Spring Hill. By September that year, McNaught had taken out a £450 mortgage on this property, from fellow Spring Hill resident, Robert Bourne. It is possible this helped finance the construction of Mountview House.</p><br>
<p>Daniel McNaught, a Dumbarton and Glasgow-trained carpenter, and his wife Barbara Ure, were amongst the first wave of Scottish immigrants to Queensland, arriving at Moreton Bay via the immigrant ship Artemisia in late 1848. For three years in the early 1850s Daniel prospected on the New South Wales goldfields, but in 1855 returned to Brisbane where he worked for his brother-in-law, businessman and contractor John Petrie (his sister, Jane Keith McNaught, had married John Petrie in Queensland in 1850). From the early 1860s McNaught was manager of Petries joinery works, and as foreman carpenter supervised the finishing of many of Petries most significant construction projects, including Parliament House, the Supreme Court, the Brisbane Hospital and the Brisbane Gaol on Petrie Terrace. Like many of the early Scottish immigrants, Daniel McNaught was active in local politics in the 1850s, opposing the re-introduction of convict labour and working for the separation of Queensland from New South Wales. He was a prominent and long-term member of the Wharf Street Congregational Church, a director of the City and Suburban Building Society from its inception, and a Magistrate of the colony.</p><br>
<p>It is thought that John Petrie constructed and/or designed Mountview House for the McNaughts in the 1860s, possibly initially as an investment rather than as their home, as Daniel McNaught, carpenter, is recorded as resident in Creek Street in the 1868 and 1874 Post Office Directories. However, the McNaugths were resident at their Leichhardt Street property in 1876, the year in which Mrs McNaught died. By this year also a small timber cottage had been erected at the rear of Mountview House, fronting Downing Street, which was occupied by their son John Ure McNaught, a Queen Street bookseller and stationer. By 1878 Daniel McNaught had moved into the cottage, and Mountview House was occupied by Presbyterian minister Rev. JF McSwaine.</p><br>
<p>In 1880 Daniel McNaught took out two mortgages on his Spring Hill property, totalling £1850, and from 1 August 1881 Sarah Cargill held a five-year lease on Mountview House, which she ran as a boys preparatory school. In January 1882, title to the property was transferred from McNaught to Mrs Rebecca Thorn, who honoured the lease with Sarah Cargill. It is likely Mrs Thorn commissioned the 1882 additions to Mountview House, designed by Brisbane architect Andrea Stombuco, for Sarah Cargills Boys&#39; Preparatory School.</p><br>
<p>By 1883, Daniel McNaught had left Downing Street, and at his death in 1891, aged 67 years, was resident at Edgar Cottage in Amelia Street, Fortitude Valley.</p><br>
<p>In 1890 Rebecca Thorn sold off 16 perches at the rear of Mountview House, containing No.8 Downing Street, retaining Mountview House on 20.7 perches. By this year, Mrs Mary Glandford was utilising Mountview House as a boarding-house, and the building continued in this function for several decades.</p><br>
<p>Following Rebecca Thorns death in 1916, Mountview House was transferred by her devisees to Joseph ODonnell of Brisbane, who established a motor garage at the corner of Leichhardt and Downing streets (33 Leichhardt Street), and occupied Mountview House as his private residence. He may also have continued to operate the place as a boarding house.</p><br>
<p>In 1937 O&#39;Donnell sold the property to James Walter Cloughley and Miss Annie Ellen Cloughley, both of whom in 1938 also acquired title to 8 Downing Street - the 16 perch subdivision from the Mountview House grounds sold by Mrs Thorn in 1890. Under the Cloughleys, Mountview House functioned as a tenement building. In 1954 they sold 8 Downing Street and in late 1955 transferred Mountview House to the principal partners in the Brisbane architectural firm of Ford Hutton and Newell - Peter Edward Newell, Theodore Bernhard Hutton, Neville Henry Lund and Bruce Donald Paulsen - who refurbished the building as offices. Since the 1970s the building has served as both residence and professional offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Located on a prominent ridge in Spring Hill, one of Brisbane&#39;s oldest residential suburbs, Mountview house is a two-storeyed stone and brick building with two-storeyed verandahs on three sides. Situated on a corner, facing Leichhardt Street to the north with Downing Street to the west, it is built up to the Leichhardt Street alignment. Side gardens separate the house from Downing Street and the eastern neighbour.</p><br>
<p>The house is raised half a level above Leichhardt Street on a masonry base. It consists of two major parts, the original rectangular planned stone core on the east, abutting a brick extension on the west. A smaller brick wing and other more recent extensions are located on the south side of the building. Due to the angle at which the building faces the Leichardt Street alignment, the front facade steps back at the junction between the stone and brick sections. The stone used appears to be local porphyry, squared and laid in rough courses. The brickwork has been painted.</p><br>
<p>The stone core and western brick extension have separately framed hip roofs clad in painted corrugated iron. A box gutter runs between the two main roofs. A rendered masonry chimney emerges from both roofs. The chimney on the stone core is larger, having multiple flues.</p><br>
<p>The verandahs on the front facade are not continuous due to the stepping back of the western brick wing. The verandah, which wraps around the northern, eastern and southern sides of the stone core, is enclosed with cement sheeting and louvres. An open verandah on the front of the western brick wing is set back from the enclosed verandah, running into the sidewall of the stone core. It has cast iron balustrades, timber posts and a shingle valence between the upper and lower levels. The shingle valence can also be seen built into the enclosed verandah. The verandahs have skill ion roofs that are hipped at the corners and ends. The overhangs on the verandah roofs are wider than those on the main part of the house.</p><br>
<p>Located in the space created by the setback of the brick wing, the front entry stairs are built into the masonry base. The stairs terminate in a small entry porch, a timber framed, flat roofed structure with a timber-battened valence that is attached to the western end of the enclosed verandah. A door opens off the entry porch directly into the stone core of the building. A steel framed stair links the lower level of the open front verandah with the side garden.</p><br>
<p>The brick wall on the western side of the building, the only side without a verandah, has five double hung timber framed windows with six paned sashes. A single storey extension with a brick parapet wall and shallow pitched roof has been built on the southwestern corner of the building. This relatively recent extension abuts an older southern brick wing with a low-pitched hipped roof and projecting corbelled brick bay. An open timber staircase connects the eastern garden with the upper level of the southern verandah.</p><br>
<p>From the entry porch, the front door opens into a wide hallway. The hallway, located in the stone section of the building, contains a staircase that leads to the upper level. In addition to the hallway space, the stone core has two rooms on each level, all containing fireplaces with timber mantelpieces and opening onto the enclosed verandahs. Openings in the thick masonry walls have deep timber reveals and timber architraves. Some timber paneled doors remain but French doors from the openings onto the enclosed verandahs have been removed. The enclosed verandahs have been partly lined with cement sheeting and the stonework walls facing onto the enclosed verandahs have been painted.</p><br>
<p>Access to the western brick extension is directly from the entrance hall. This section of the house consists of a single large room on each level. A fireplace, flanked by double hung windows, is positioned in the centre of the western wall on the lower level. On both levels, a door in the north wall leads to the open north verandahs. Bathroom and laundry facilities have been built into the upper level of the southern verandah.</p><br>
<p>Windows throughout the older part of the building are generally timber framed double hung sashes. Internal walls and ceilings are plastered and painted and floors are generally timber.</p><br>
<p>The brick wing at the rear of Mountview house is accessed from the lower level of the southern verandah. It consists of a single room and contains remnants of a former fireplace. The other additions to the rear of Mountview House include a large kitchen area and storeroom and are of relatively recent construction.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mountview House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 May 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Mountview House, a s two-storeyed stone residence with 1882 additions, is important in illustrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular the pattern of residential settlement in the capital city, Brisbane, in the mid-19th century. It is also important historically for its association with the first wave of Scottish immigrants to Queensland, including the McNaught and Petrie families, and their contribution to the expansion of the colony.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place has rarity value as one of comparatively few s stone buildings to survive in Queensland and is important in illustrating features of an 1860s residence, including two-storeyed construction in stone, verandahs, fireplaces, a chimney and a hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place has rarity value as one of comparatively few s stone buildings to survive in Queensland and is important in illustrating features of an 1860s residence, including two-storeyed construction in stone, verandahs, fireplaces, a chimney and a hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Located high on one of the principal ridges through Spring Hill, the place has landmark value and maintains an important contribution to the streetscape of Leichhardt Street. Additions to the original 1860s core, including the brick wing added by Andrea Stombuco and the entry porch, have been well designed and enhance the aesthetic appeal of Mountview house.</p><br>
<p>Bedford Playground is a heritage-listed playground at 8 Love Street, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Frank Gibson Costello and built from 1927 onwards, one of the builders being Sir Manuel Hornibrook. It is also known as Bedford Park and Spring Hill Playground. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 May 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bedford Playground was established in 1927 as the third children&#39;s playground of the Playground Association of Queensland. The Park was officially named in 1959 in commemoration of Ms Josephine Mary Bedford, an early Brisbane philanthropist who was involved with the progress of family welfare and an integral and prolific member of the Playground Association.</p><br>
<p>The Playground Association of Queensland held their first meeting in 1913 and was formed to introduce concepts emanating from the United States movement toward providing public recreation parks and playgrounds. A comprehensive guide to the design and management of these new parks, written by landscape architects and social planners, Arthur and Lorna Leland was published in 1909 and many of the themes of this book were adopted by the Playground Association of Queensland in their mission statements. In a time of serious epidemics the Leland book, Playground Technique and Playcraft, promoted a revised level of care and protection of children, allowing them a better chance at success in life. The basic requirements advocated for the mental and physical well being of children were good food, air, sunshine and exercise. Of these basic requirements, the playgrounds provided for three, and were also thought to instil a love of nature and an appreciation of beautiful environments. The first playgrounds in America developed as part of this movement were in Charlesbank, Boston; Boone Park, Louisville; and many examples in Chicago all planned in the late nineteenth century. Many of these early playgrounds were designed by important landscape architect, Frederick Law Olmsted who was earlier involved with the highly influential design of Central Park, New York. Generally these American playgrounds were incorporated in large public recreation parks, usually with elements such as playgrounds, open air gymnasiums, running tracks and field houses, which provided covered accommodation for halls, administrative offices, libraries and club rooms.</p><br>
<p>Unlike the large recreation parks constructed in the United States for the whole community, the playgrounds established in Queensland by the Playground Association were planned on a smaller scale, focussing solely on children and providing a playground and usually a field house. Usually the playgrounds were associated with an adjacent kindergarten or crèche, and this is thought to have been due to Mary Josephine Bedfords involvement with the Crèche and Kindergarten Association. This group formed in 1907 with the purpose of instituting and maintaining day nurseries and free kindergartens for the children of the poor in Brisbane. Like the Playground Association, the Crèche and Kindergarten Association were successful in achieving local and Queensland Government sponsorship and funding as well as funding from various national philanthropic trust funds. The success of these two organisations can be rightly said to be due to the tireless and strategic work of Mary Josephine Bedford. Throughout her life Bedford, who is perhaps best remembered as the lifelong companion of Dr Lilian Violet Cooper, worked toward alleviating the stress and poverty afflicting urban dwellers. On her many study tours with Cooper, Bedford researched successful methods and programmes on the provision of family welfare in America and Europe and she is known to have attended lectures at Berkeley University on public recreation parks in about 1911, just two years before the Playground Association was established. Ms Bedford was associated with many of the early efforts in Brisbane to establish welfare; she was instrumental in increasing the scope of the Brisbane Childrens Hospital in 1905, she was involved with the establishment of the Queensland branch of the National Council of Women also in 1905; she and Cooper were delegates at the International Council of Women in Stockholm in 1912, and in 1916 both Bedford and Cooper served in Serbia during World War I, Bedford as an ambulance driver for which she received the 5th Order of St Sava. Ms Bedford remained an active participant of both the Crèche and Kindergarten Association and the Playground Association until her death in December 1955. It is clearly through her extensive letter writing, evident in archival files on both organisations, that they achieved their successes.</p><br>
<p>The Playground Association in Queensland was formed with the practical intention of promoting the establishment of childrens playgrounds and recreation centres in districts of poverty and high density. Also the Association worked towards assuming the administration of the parks and providing trained supervisors who were to direct play and, through this, to instil the values of courage, honesty and consideration in the children. The supervisors were also to look after the playground libraries, teach hand work and also to liaise with the childrens homes. The Association was interested in the full social development of the child and saw the lessons learnt during play as an adjunct to the lessons the children studied in their classrooms.</p><br>
<p>The sites chosen for the three playgrounds managed by the Playground Association in their formative years were at Paddington, established 1918; East Street Fortitude Valley, 1922 and Spring Hill established 1927. All three were places of high density low cost housing. The characteristics of the sites were similar as well; the site was usually undeveloped and lying stagnant for various reasons, at Paddington the playground was part of a former cemetery and the Spring Hill playground was constructed on a former quarry site. The playgrounds were planned within a short distance of the local state school, usually near swimming baths and central to the density of housing surrounding the playground. They were planned with several mandatory features; a boundary fence to aid supervision and protection of the child, borders within the playground separating girls, boys and toddlers, a field house and a well considered plan incorporating play equipment and open space. The playgrounds were planned as model examples of recreational facilities for children, to be copied in both management and planning by schools and local councils across Queensland. Certainly the playgrounds established by the Playground Association foreshadowed a period of intense playground development in suburban Brisbane when a number were established by various groups, usually the city council or a local progress association. In 1938 a list was made of eight playgrounds managed or funded through the Brisbane City Council but not including those in which the Playground Association was involved. Like the three model playgrounds, the Brisbane City Council playgrounds were found in high density, inner city areas and included one in the Domain of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens. Over the next ten years the Council continued to acquire sites for playgrounds, although it should be noted that only those playgrounds managed by the Playground Association were supervised, a practice which continues to this day.</p><br>
<p>The playground created in Water Street, Spring Hill utilised the site of an early Brisbane quarry which had closed. From the 1860s until its closure in the early twentieth century the Spring Hill porphyry quarry was one of a series of quarries stretching along a porphyry seam extending north and south from the city. Porphyry is formed from volcanic ash, consolidated and hardened in the presence of solutions containing silica. The presence of various iron and manganese oxides results in a range of possible colours. Given the variance in strength through the stone, porphyry is not usually cut into ashlar blocks but often left rockfaced to minimise disturbance. Stone from the Spring Hill quarry was thought to be used in construction of the early Brisbane Normal School and other early Brisbane buildings. The quarry was closed by the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>On 22 January 1918 the land around the quarry was divided into twelve allotments and offered for sale. Only one portion of this subdivision was sold, that on the corner of Water and Love Streets to a Mrs Kate Downey. The twelve allotments remained undeveloped until 1924 when the Brisbane City Council were granted the land by the Queensland Government for use as a park on behalf of the Playground Association who offered to undertake supervision and management on their third Brisbane project after Paddington and Fortitude Valley.</p><br>
<p>The Spring Hill Playground was officially gazetted as a reserve for a Children&#39;s Playground on 20 March 1924. Mrs Downey surrendered her lot in the following year and the entire reserve was re-gazetted on 12 November 1925, measuring 1 acre and 36 perches. The early playground on the site was along the Water Street boundary, another park reserve was gazetted around the former quarry site, which the Playground Association assumed in recent years, increasing the size of the original playground.</p><br>
<p>Few early plans of the Spring Hill playground have been located, it seems, however, that it was originally planned with three principal sections divided by fences; the boys were closest to the Love Street end of the site and the girls at the Quarry Street end, divided by the infants section which was centrally located. A field house, or supervisors cottage with a free library was located to the north of the girls section and toilets were provided for the girls and infants within the field house. The boys toilets were in the northern eastern corner of their section. The field house was an early timber cottage moved to the playground from another site. Re-fencing in chain link occurred in 1935, further increasing security.</p><br>
<p>In 1945 a war memorial hall was opened at the playground, designed by the City Architect and funded by public appeal supplemented by the state and local council. The tender was awarded to MR Hornibrook who completed the work for £2517. The building was constructed to commemorate those from Paddington, Spring Hill and Fortitude Valley who served during World War II. The original supervisor&#39;s cottage was burnt down in 1959 and the Brisbane City Council donated the insurance money to the Playground Association to allow them to infill the undercroft of the Memorial Hall for use as a library.</p><br>
<p>Mary Josephine Bedford died on 22 December 1955 and to commemorate her instrumental role in the provision of playgrounds in Queensland a memorial tree was planted on 22 March 1956 at the Spring Hill Playground by Lady Lavarck, wife of Lieutenant-General Sir John Dudley Lavarack, Governor of Queensland. In 1959 the Brisbane City Council agreed to the suggestion of the Playground and Recreation Association to rename the park, the Bedford Playground in memory of Ms Bedford.</p><br>
<p>In December 1971 an area of land on the Quarry Street side of the park was excised for Health Purposes and this became the home of the Shaftsbury Citizenship Centre. Again, in March 1989 land at the corner of Quarry and Water Streets was excised for Local Government Purposes and this block of land is now the Lady Gowrie Occasional Child Care Centre, providing an additional service to the Lady Gowrie Child Care Centre which is at the St Paul&#39;s Terrace end of Love Street.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Bedford Playground comprises a large area of open space incorporating tennis courts, play equipment, an old steam locomotive, an elevated timber hall, a number of established trees and a large outcrop of porphyry formerly used as a quarry. The reserve is bounded on three sides by Water, Love and Quarry Streets and on the fourth side by dense vegetation concealing development beyond to the south east. At the corner of Quarry and Waters, on excised land, is a fenced timber building used as the Lady Gowrie Occasional Child Care Centre.</p><br>
<p>Entrance to the playground is via a driveway and pathway from Love Street. A high chain link fence surrounds the site. Where the ground is cut down for a road at the corner of Love and Water Streets, a retaining wall is clad with rubble stonework featuring recessed panels surrounded by concrete mouldings. A steel sign "BEDFORD PLAYGROUND" is adjacent to the entrance to the site.</p><br>
<p>Within the playground, near the entrance of the playground is a large elevated hall with a substantially infilled undercroft. The building which has a rectangular plan running parallel to the Love Street boundary, has a gabled roof clad with "super six" corrugated fibrous cement sheeting. Strip windows line the long sides of the building and smaller individual windows are found on the shorter ends. Entrance to the building is via a straight timber stair on the north eastern facade.</p><br>
<p>The most prominent feature of the playground is the large porphyry outcrop which is in the southern corner of the site. Partially concealing the outcrop are a large number of trees and plantings, growing around the base and on the stone itself. The outcrop has evidence of cutting on its north eastern face and varies in height from about 2 to 10 metres. Also on this face of the outcrop is a plaque cut from the stone with lettering "BRISBANE CITY COUNCIL: THIS QUARRY IS PRESERVED FOR ITS GREAT GEOLOGICAL INTEREST". Cut into the north western side of the outcrop is a winding and uneven concrete stair, the dimensions of which suggest that it was built for the use of children. The stair leads to a path which winds north east through the vegetation on the top of the outcrop, leading to a now overgrown lookout.</p><br>
<p>Recent metal, plastic and timber play equipment is found in the central part of the playground. Situated among the new equipment is a small play house known as the Betty Mansion, from the sign on the front of the structure. This is a model play version of a two storeyed interwar house, built on a concrete slab with reinforced concrete walls and finely detailed openings including a moulded and panelled front door. The entrance door is in a bay projecting from the front, north eastern facade. The bay terminates in a stepped parapet decorated with three vertical fins and the signage panel. Aside from this structure the early playground equipment has been replaced, although remnants of an Aladdin&#39;s Cave remain in the north western side of the outcrop and partially embedded concrete slabs provide evidence of earlier equipment.</p><br>
<p>A tennis court is found on a raised terrace on the south eastern border of the playground, adjacent to the outcrop. A steam locomotive is located in the north western corner of the site and is surrounded by a large steel fence.</p><br>
<p>One of the features of the playgrounds is the large number of established trees. Along the Water Street boundary are large shade trees providing privacy to the playground. Large trees are also found on the other boundaries and within the playground.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bedford Playground was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 May 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Bedford Playground which was established in 1927 is important in demonstrating the pattern of growth of the working class suburbs of inner city Brisbane, particularly Spring Hill. The playgrounds demonstrate early twentieth century philosophies of child care, particularly in relation to the importance of adequately providing for children in poorer communities to provide a better chance of their future success. The playground contains a substantial porphyry outcrop, remnant from an early quarry which was established in the 1860s, providing evidence of the early construction industry of Brisbane and a rare example of "untamed" landscape in inner city Brisbane. The park is important as an integral example of the small number of open parks in the CBD and Spring Hill area.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>A rare example of "untamed" landscape in inner city Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The playground demonstrates the principal characteristics of early model playgrounds formed by the Playground Association of Queensland and influenced by similar American models. This is particularly evident in the siting, and elements such as the memorial hall, the Betty Mansion (an early play fixture) and established plantings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The site has aesthetic significance as a public open space with established plantings forming a substantial element of the Spring Hill townscape. The former quarry is of particular aesthetic interest as a bold, natural form visibly contrasting with its immediate surrounds and visually linked to the large outcrops on St Paul&#39;s Terrace.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The playground has special associations with the surrounding community as well known public recreation reserve and supervised children&#39;s playground.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Bedford Playground has a special association with Ms Mary Josephine Bedford, an early Brisbane philanthropist who successfully instigated many elements of family welfare in working class suburbs of Brisbane through her involvement with both the Playground Association and the Crèche and Kindergarten Association.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane Central State School is a heritage-listed state school at Rogers Street, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect Richard George Suter and built in 1874 by Dennis & Sons with further additions through to. It is also known as Leichhardt Street School, and Leichhardt Street State School for Boys, Girls, Infants. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. In 2017 the principal is Graham Rickuss.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Agitation for a primary school in the Spring Hill area commenced in 1873, culminating in the establishment of three separate schools - Leichhardt Street Boys School, Leichhardt Street Girls School, and Leichhardt Street Infants School (later renamed Brisbane Central State School). Opening 25 January 1875 on a large site, the schools were initially accommodated in one building built in 1874. As attendance grew, other buildings were constructed, including; a playshed (1887); a high-set, timber classroom building for the boys school (1909); a timber classroom building for the practising school; a brick building for the infants&#39; school; as well as playgrounds, extensive cuttings, retaining walls, landscaping and plantings.</p><br>
<p>The provision of state-administered education was important to the colonial governments of Australia. In 1848 the New South Wales Government established National Schools. This was continued by the Queensland Government after the colony&#39;s creation in 1859. The Education Act 1860 established the Queensland Board of General Education and began to standardise curriculum, teacher training, and facilities. The Education Act 1875 provided a number of key initiatives for primary education; it was to be free, compulsory and secular. The Department of Public Instruction was established to administer the Act. This move standardised the provision of education and, despite difficulties, colonial educators achieved a remarkable feat in bringing basic literacy to most Queensland children by 1900.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of schools was considered an essential step in the development of early Queensland communities. The formal education of Queensland children was seen as integral to the success of a town, the colony, and the nation. Land and construction labour was often donated by the local people and schools frequently became a major focus within the community as a place symbolising progress, for social interaction, and as a source of pride. Also, the development and maintenance of schools frequently involved donations and work by teachers, parents, and pupils. Because of their significant connections with the local community, schools have occasionally incorporated other socially important elements such as war memorials and halls used for community purposes. They also typically retain a significant enduring connection with former pupils, their parents, and teachers. Social events involving a wide portion of the local community have often been held at schools, utilising the buildings and grounds - such as fetes, markets, public holiday celebrations, school break-up days, fundraisers, sporting events, reunions, and dances.</p><br>
<p>As in other Australian colonies, the Queensland Government developed standard plans for its school buildings. This helped to ensure consistency and economy. The standard designs were continually refined by government architects in response to changing needs and educational philosophy. Queensland school buildings were particularly innovative in their approach to climate control, lighting, and ventilation. Due to the standardisation of facilities, schools across the state were developed in distinctly similar ways and became complexes of typical components. These components included: the teaching buildings, the school yard, the horse paddock that was often later configured into a sports oval, and a variety of features such as sporting facilities or play equipment, shade structures, gardens and trees.</p><br>
<p>The initial school building for the Leichhardt Street schools was a low-set, one-storey, brick structure designed by established Brisbane architect Richard George Suter. Suter was a private architect commissioned from 1865 by the Board of General Education to design school buildings. After 1868, Suter was responsible for most of the Board&#39;s buildings until 1875. As an architect in the early years of the colony, Suter was prolific despite only practicing for approximately 10 years in Queensland and had a strong influence on the establishment of Queensland architecture, being credited with introducing "outside studding" construction technique to the state.</p><br>
<p>Suter&#39;s Brisbane school buildings were of brick construction. His initial designs were simple, low-set, structures with gable roofs, and rectangular in plan. In 1873 he introduced an "improved plan" adding front and rear verandahs to provide hat rooms and additional play and classroom space beginning a distinctive design solution of "classroom and verandah" that continued through evolution until at least the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The contract to construct the Suter building for the Leichhardt Street schools was let on 5 February 1874 to builders Dennis & Sons, with a price of £1970. The T-shaped building had three large classrooms - the long front wing held two 80 by 25 feet (24.9 by 7.6 metres) classrooms, one each for the boys and girls schools, and projecting to the rear was one 25 by 24 feet (7.6 by 7.3 metres) classroom for the infants school. The building had a symmetrical front elevation with a projecting central room 20 by 25 feet (6.1 by 7.6 metres) flanked by a small teachers room either side and a verandah along the front and rear. Enrolments by October 1875 totalled 241 boys, 176 girls, and 250 infants. In 1887 a playshed was built at the school. This was a timber-framed, open-sided shelter with a gable roof measuring 25 by 45 feet (7.62 by 13.7 metres). The Queensland education system recognised the importance of play in the school curriculum and, as well as classrooms, they provided plans for playsheds, free-standing shelters that provided covered play space and were often used for unofficial teaching space when needed. They were timber-framed structures, generally open on all sides although were sometimes partially enclosed with timber boards or corrugated galvanised iron sheets. The hipped (or less frequently, gabled) roofs were clad with timber shingles or corrugated iron and they had an earth or decomposed granite floor. Fixed timber seating ran between the perimeter posts. Playsheds were a typical addition to state schools across Queensland between s and the 1950s. They were mostly built to standard designs that ranged in size relative to student numbers. School sites were typically cleared of all vegetation and the provision of all-weather outdoor space was needed. After school buildings were high-set, allowing students to play in the understorey and playsheds were not frequently constructed.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 a Grand Gala Tree-planting Day was held at the Leichhardt Street schools site. Prior to this, the grounds were described as barren. The provision of outdoor play space was a result of the early and continuing commitment to play-based education, particularly in primary school. Trees and gardens were planted as part of beautification of the school. In the 1870s, schools inspector William Boyd was critical of tropical schools and amongst his recommendations was the importance of the addition of shade trees in the playground. Landscape elements were often constructed to standard designs and were intrinsic to Queensland Government education philosophies. Educationalists believed gardening and tree planting instilled in young minds the value of hard work and activity, improved classroom discipline, developed aesthetic tastes, and inspired people to stay on the land. Aesthetically designed gardens were encouraged by regional inspectors. More than 50 shade and ornamental trees supplied by the Department of Agriculture were planted in the Leichhardt Street school grounds by its scholars. It was seen as a great success and sparked the introduction of Queensland-wide Arbor Day celebrations the following year. Between 1889 and 1892 about 150 trees were planted in the school grounds.</p><br>
<p>From the schools opening, the Suter building was overcrowded and had other problems, including poor lighting and ventilation. From 1893 the Department of Public Works became responsible for school design and worked to greatly improve its standard designs to address the natural ventilation and lighting of classroom interiors. The departments architects experimented with different combinations of roof ventilators, ceiling and wall vents, larger windows, dormer windows and ducting. Roof ventilators became fleches which grew larger as the experimentation continued. Prior to the widespread adoption of electricity and artificial lighting, achieving an ideal or even adequate level of natural light in classrooms, without glare, was of critical importance to educators and consequently it became a primary determinant of the design concept and layout of all school buildings. From around 1909 windows were rearranged and enlarged to provide a greater amount of gentle, southern light into the room and desks were rearranged to have the light falling onto the students&#39; left hand side. This reduced glare, and, since students were forcibly right-handed, did not throw a shadow onto the page. This often meant a complete transformation of the fenestration of existing buildings. Windows were larger and sills were lowered to let in more light generally. Smaller classrooms were preferred as they were easier to light correctly. Interiors became lighter and airier and met with immediate approval from educationalists.</p><br>
<p>Over time, the Leichhardt Street schools Suter building was altered to improve lighting and ventilation of the interior to standard designs by the department. In skylights were added to the roof either side of the spire to aid internal lighting of the classrooms. In these were replaced with dormer windows, and a large arched window was added to the end (south-eastern) wall. To further improve the internal light conditions the rear verandah was removed between 1918 and 1933. The projecting infants wing was demolished in 1933, replaced by an asphalted assembly area. Banks of casement windows were added to the rear wall to greatly increase the natural lighting and ventilation of the classrooms. This work is typical of the standard "improvements" designed by the Department of Public Works that were made to older education buildings to meet evolving education philosophies espoused by the Department of Education of over time.</p><br>
<p>Overcrowding continued at the Leichhardt Street schools and in 1909 a new high-set, timber classroom building was built to the south of the Suter building for the boys&#39; school. This was built to a new standard design introduced in. This high-set, timber design provided better ventilation as well as further teaching space and a covered play space underneath. This was a noticeable new direction and the high-set form became a characteristic of Queensland schools. The understorey of this new building at Leichhardt Street was enclosed between June 1922 and June 1923.</p><br>
<p>By 1914 a separate building for the Infants&#39; School had been constructed to the northeast of the Suter building.</p><br>
<p>In 1927 the Brisbane Normal School (Adelaide Street) was closed for demolition and its teachers and students were transferred to Leichhardt Street State School. The Leichhardt Street school also took over the Normal Schools role of training teachers. On 4 September 1927, the three Leichhardt Street schools operating from the site (boys, girls, and infants schools) closed and re-opened the next day under one head teacher as the Leichhardt Street State and Practising School (unofficially known as the Central Practising School). To accommodate the large increase in pupils, teachers and trainee teachers, additional buildings and toilets were constructed at the school. One of these was a classroom building for the practising school built facing St Pauls Terrace. It stood on the highest part of the site, separated from the rest of the school by a tall, concrete retaining wall.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s and 1940s, the school was known as the "Scholarship Factory" due to the high success rate of its pupils in the high school scholarship examinations. Many of its teachers and pupils became prominent identities, including Jack Pizzey and Sir Douglas Tooth.</p><br>
<p>The school was officially renamed the Brisbane Central State School in 1954. A fire damaged the north-western end of the Suter building in 1973.</p><br>
<p>A large, new brick infants building was constructed at the Water Street end of the site, replacing the earlier infants building. Beginning in the 1950s, school designs were altered with a goal of modernisation. Classrooms had extensive areas of windows; almost the entirety of the verandah wall and the opposite classroom wall were glazed, allowing abundant natural light and ventilation. The proliferation of stumps in the understorey was replaced with steel, timber and sometimes concrete trusses that spanned the width of the classroom and provided an unimpeded play space while minimising costs. While the majority of school buildings were built to standard plans, as in other periods, some buildings were also constructed that were individually designed. These were typically constructed in areas of stable, suburban and urban populations and were an evolution of the urban brick school buildings of the early 1900s and depression-era brick school buildings. They were generally substantial structures of brick and concrete that introduced many innovative ideas that found their way into standard plans. For example, brick was progressively used more frequently in high schools as standard. The new infants building at Brisbane central State School was one of these non-standard designs. Designed in 1949 by the Department of Public Works, construction was completed in the financial year ending June 1952. The building included five classrooms, one kindergarten room, and an open understorey play area. It was occupied by the school until when use of the building was given to the Department of Health. The building was then used as the Brisbane Institute of Child Guidance, which operated as a separate entity to the school. This new use was officially opened 6 April 1966. The land around the former infants building was subdivided off and formally transferred to the Department of Health in 1991. Remedial structural work was performed on the building at this time.</p><br>
<p>The Practising School left Brisbane Central State School. Its building facing St Pauls Terrace was transferred to the Department of Health and used as the Childrens Dental Hospital, operating separating from the school. Later, the dental hospital moved out and in the building was transferred back to school use. The interior was extensively refurbished in 2010 to create a single large space for assembly.</p><br>
<p>Over time, buildings and structures were added to and removed from the school grounds to accommodate different education programs or to provide new facilities. New toilets were constructed in 2004 and the toilets were demolished in 2012. A low-set classroom building was constructed adjacent to the rear of the Suter building in.</p><br>
<p>Enrolments at Brisbane Central State School fluctuated from over 1000 students during the 1930s to fewer than 100 during the 1980s to 220 in 2013. In 2014, the school retains the 1874 Suter building, the 1887 playshed, the 1909 former boys school building, the former practising school building, the former infants school building, playgrounds, extensive cuttings, retaining walls, landscaping and mature tree plantings.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the school is the only remaining inner-city state school and is surrounded by a mix of early Spring Hill housing and modern structures.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Brisbane Central State School, built on terraced terrain, comprises a number of elements, including: the Suter building (1874); a play shed (1887); the former boys school high-set, timber classroom building (1909); the former practising school building; the former infants school building (completed by June 1952); playgrounds; and extensive cuttings, retaining walls, landscaping and plantings.</p><br>
<p>The Suter building is a one-storey, low-set brick structure with a gabled roof clad with corrugated metal sheets. It faces south-west to the main entrance into the grounds on Victoria Street, and the vista of the building from the entrance is framed by trees. It is a long and narrow building aligned south-west and north-east with a timber-framed verandah along the front. The verandah is interrupted by a central, projecting gabled classroom and either side of this is an attached pair of timber-framed and -clad teaching rooms. Surmounting the centre of the roof is a square-based spire and along the ridge are timber- framed, ventilated dormer windows. The brick walls of the building stand on Brisbane tuff footings and the timber-framed portions stand on concrete posts or brick piers. The building features highly crafted, decorative brickwork including: running corbel friezes under the eaves and gable barge boards; a variety of corbelled decorations; and lancet niches. The rear (north-eastern) wall is cement rendered, scored to mimic coursed stone and has a series of timber-framed casement windows with fanlights, sheltered by timber-framed hoods. The south-eastern gable end wall has a large bricked-in arch. The layout comprises five classrooms facing north-east and one central classroom facing south-west, all accessed from the verandah. The three southern classrooms have timber-lined walls and ceiling with timber roof framing exposed within the space. The other two rooms have suspended ceilings and a masonite sheeting partition.</p><br>
<p>The playshed is a timber-framed, open-sided shelter with a gable roof supported by timber posts with brackets. The gable ends are clad with timber weatherboards. The roof is clad with corrugated metal sheets and the ceiling is lined with timber, v-jointed boards with a ventilation gap between cladding and ceiling. It has a concrete floor and perimeter seating.</p><br>
<p>The former boys&#39; school high-set building is very intact and stands adjacent to a tall, brick-faced retaining wall on its north-eastern side. It is a timber-framed building clad with timber weatherboards and has a gable roof clad with corrugated metal sheets. It is high-set on tall brick piers and the understorey is enclosed with timber weatherboards. A timber stair on the north-western side provides access to the upper level. The upper level has a verandah on the north-eastern and south-western sides, partially enclosed on the latter by more recent sheet material and on both sides by modern steel screens. The verandah walls are single-skin with externally exposed stud framing. Between the studs are timber-framed, horizontal-pivot windows with high sills. The gable end windows are later, steel-framed louvres with original, timber-framed hoods. The upper level comprises one large classroom, accessed from both verandahs via timber, double- leaf doors with horizontal-pivot fanlights. The well-proportioned interior has a high, coved ceiling and is lined with timber, v-jointed boards. A metal tie rod between the verandah walls at cornice height is exposed within the space.</p><br>
<p>The former practising school building stands on the eastern-most corner of the site and faces St Paul&#39;s Terrace to the south-east. This is a large, timber-framed building clad with timber weatherboards and has a gable roof clad with corrugated metal sheets. It is a high-set building and its understorey is enclosed. The interior layout on both levels is not original; all partitions of the upper floor are demolished to form one large space.</p><br>
<p>The former infants school stands on the lowest part of the site near the corner of Rogers and Water Streets, separated from the main part of the school by a tall stone-faced retaining wall. Accessed from a curving driveway from Rogers Street, the long, narrow building is a two-storey, facebrick structure with a hipped, tiled roof. The area for the former infants school is divided into two level areas by a large concrete retaining wall and the school building sits against the wall on the lower level, accessible at grade from both sides. The principal entry is from the driveway into the upper (formerly classroom) level. This entrance is emphasised by large porthole windows, a sweeping, cantilevered concrete awning and curved steps, and a set of large, bifolding, glazed, timber-framed entrance doors. A verandah, enclosed with more-recent glazing, runs along the length of the northern side and a stair at the entry and at the western end leads down to the lower level (formerly open play space). The classrooms and the understorey are subdivided by later, lightweight partitions to form offices; although the original layout is discernible. The walls between former classrooms and the verandah have been demolished. The upper level retains south-facing, timber-framed casement windows and fanlights and sheet-and-batten ceilings.</p><br>
<p>The school grounds are terraced to form levelled playing areas and feature mature ornamental trees including: camphor laurels (Cinnamomum camphora), figs, hoop pines, (Araucaria cunninghamii), palms, jacarandas (Jacaranda mimosifolia), poincianas (Poinciana regia), and eucalypts, as well as gardens and other plantings.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Brisbane Central State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane Central School, established in 1875, is significant historically for its close association with the development of Spring Hill as an early dormitory suburb of Brisbane, and as one of the oldest extant brick schools in Queensland. It is the last remaining inner-city state school in Brisbane and is important for its historical role in Queensland teacher education.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of 1870s state school design in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has an aesthetic appeal engendered principally by the early form, materials and siting of the 1870s building within grounds with mature trees and landscaping, and makes an aesthetic contribution to the historic Spring Hill townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has a strong association for the Brisbane community with the evolution of Spring Hill as one of the city&#39;s most historic districts.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The 1874 building is an excellent example of an institutional building by Brisbane architect RG Suter, and displays a high quality of design and craftsmanship.</p><br>
<p>Manot Cave  is a cave in Western Galilee, Israel, discovered in 2008. It is notable for the discovery of a skull that belongs to a modern human, which is estimated to be 54,700 years old. The partial skull was discovered at the beginning of the caves exploration in 2008. Its significance was realised after detailed scientific analysis, and was first published in an online edition of Nature on 28 January 2015. This age implies that the specimen is the oldest known human outside Africa, and is evidence that modern humans lived side-by-side with Neanderthals. The cave is also noted for its "impressive archaeological record of flint and bone artefacts". Geologically, it is an "active stalactite cave".</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>Manot Cave is situated in Western Galilee, about 10 km north of HaYonim Cave and 50 km northeast of Mt. Carmel Cave. It was discovered accidentally during a construction work in 2008 when a bulldozer struck open its roof. Experts from the Cave Research Unit of Hebrew University of Jerusalem immediately made the initial survey. Important finds were stone tools, charcoal pieces, and human remains. The tools consisted of a Levallois point, burins, bladelets, overpassed blades, and Aurignacian tools such as nosed and carinated endscrapers. There were also remains of "fallow deer, red deer, mountain gazelle, horse, aurochs, hyena, and bear". The major find was an almost complete human skull. The finds were reported to the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), which granted another survey. Ofer Marder and H. Khalaily made the survey and found that it was a rich archaeological site. Recognising its importance, the IAA granted a full-scale excavation in 2010. For three weeks the site was excavated by a collaboration of archaeologists from Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv University, Geological Survey of Israel, Zinman Institute of Archaeology of University of Haifa, Kimmel Center for Archaeological Sciences of Weizmann Institute of Science, and the Department of Archaeology of Boston University.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Manot Cave consists of a lengthy hall, 80 m long and between 10m and 25m wide. Two lower chambers are connected to it from north and south. It is possible that the main entrances were at both the eastern and western ends. The cave has active stalagmite formations. Archaeological remains indicate that the most recent artifacts belong to the Early Palaeolithic period. This further indicates that the cave had been completely sealed for at least 15,000 years. The blockage was probably due to rock falls and active stalagmites at the main entrances.</p><br>
<h2>Chronology</h2><br>
<p>Archaeologists have offered the following chronology for the cave, based on radiocarbon dating: an Early Ahmarian phase (46,000-42,000 BP), a Levantine Aurignacian phase (38,000-34,000 BP), and a post-Levantine Aurignacian phase (34,000-33 BP).</p><br>
<h2>Significance in human evolution</h2><br>
<p>The most important find in the cave is a partial skullcap of a modern human, referred to by archaeologists as Manot 1. The specimen is estimated (using uranium–thorium dating) to be 54,700 years old. If correct, the find is significant. Not only is it from the oldest known modern human found outside Africa, but it is the first physical evidence that supports the Out of Africa theory, which states that modern humans left Africa around 70,000 years ago. This estimate had previously been supported only by genetic evidence. In addition, it shows that modern humans lived together with another human species, the Neanderthals, in the Levant. This could support the notion that these two species had interbred, as evidenced by genome sequencing.</p><br>
<p>The River Ara  is a river in County Tipperary, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Ara (sometimes spelled Arra) takes its name from the ancient territory of Ara (Aradh, Tir Arad, Dál Cairbri Arad) in which it is found, ruled by the Ó Donnagáin (O&#39;Donegans). It gives its name to the barony of Owney and Arra and the Arra Mountains, while Tipperary town (and thus County Tipperary) takes its name from Tiobrad Árann (many spelling variants exist), "the spring by the Ara."</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Ara rises in Shrough in the Glen of Aherlow. It flows north, passing under the R662 near Mount Bruis village and meeting a tributary in Shronell. It flows on eastwards, passing through Tipperary where it passes under the Limerick–Rosslare railway line, is bridged by the R664 and separates The Abbey School from the rest of the town. The Ara flows southward past Tipperary Golf Club and then eastward through Bansha Wood. It is bridged by the N24 near Kilshane House and recrosses the Limerick–Rosslare railway line. It continues southeastwards through Bansha and is crosses by Bansha Bridge, a triple-arched limestone bridge (1863). In Ballymorris it drains into the Aherlow River.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>As with many tributaries of the River Suir, the Ara is a noted brown trout fishery. A restaurant on Abbey Street, Tipperary, just yards from the river, bears the name "The Brown Trout".</p><br>
<p>The H. Hudson Law Office is a historic commercial building on Hudson Avenue in the center of Guilford, Maine. Built c. 1867, it is an architecturally distinctive small Italianate/Second Empire structure, which was used by two generations of lawyers in the Hudson family as a law office. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hudson Law Office building is located near the center of Guilford, on the west side of Hudson Avenue a short way south of its junction with Maine State Route 150. It is a wood-frame structure, stories in height, with a flared slate mansard roof, wooden clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. Its main (east-facing) facade is three bays wide, with sash windows in the outer bays and the entrance in the center. The windows are topped by lintels with an entablature and carved woodwork above. The main entrance is sheltered by a hood with ornately carved brackets. There are two dormers above, with gable roofs topped by finials, and decorative carvings on the sides. The building is one of the most architecturally sophisticated buildings in the rural community.</p><br>
<p>The office was built c. 1867 by Henry Hudson, a prominent lawyer who conducted his practice in Guilford from 1849 until his death in 1877. His son, also a lawyer, continued to use the office until his retirement in 1919. After undergoing a variety of other uses in the 20th century, it was once again made into a law office in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The East Blue Hill Post Office is a small rural post office building at 13 Curtis Cove Road in East Blue Hill, Maine. Built by postmaster George Long in the 1880s or 1890s, it is a rare statewide example of a privately owned post office building, built without reference to United States Postal Service standards. Now owned by a local non-profit, it is still the community&#39;s post office. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The post office is a 1-1/2 story wood frame building, located on the south side of Curtis Cove Road and facing north. The main facade is two bays wide, with a window to the left and the entrance to the right. A second, smaller window is in the gable end of the building&#39;s steeply pitched roof. The building has hints of Italianate styling in the bracketed hood sheltering the entrance, and in the carved rafter tails exposed in the gable end. There are two windows on the west side, none on the east, and two on the south side, along with an outside staircase which leads to the attic. The property also includes a second building that serves as a wood shed.</p><br>
<p>East Blue Hill is first recorded as having a post office in 1873. The present building is generally accepted as having been built by George Long, who became postmaster in 1891, although local lore also places its construction date (by Long) at 1884. The building belonged to members of the Long family, who also served as postmasters, until 1997, when it was sold to the East Blue Hill Village Improvement Association. It continues to serve as the community&#39;s post office.</p><br>
<p>The post office is distinct in the state as the only known example of a purpose-built post office facility that is not owned by the United States Postal Service, and that was not built or adapted to its standards. Of all of the post office buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine, only one other (the Old Post Office in Liberty) is not an architect-designed purpose-built facility, but was a residence adapted for Postal Service use.</p><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s Presbyterian Church is a heritage-listed church at 43 St Pauls Terrace, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1887 to 1889 by Thomas Rees. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s Presbyterian Church, a Gothic-style stone building which dominates the skyline at Spring Hill, was constructed between 1887 and 1889.</p><br>
<p>The congregation of St Paul&#39;s, which at the time was a member of the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland, founded their first Brisbane church on the corner of Creek and Adelaide Streets in 1863. This early timber structure was replaced in 1876 by a stone building of substantial proportions, which in turn was sold to the Queensland National Bank in 1886 and subsequently demolished. The sale enabled the purchase of a site in Leichhardt Street, Spring Hill for the construction of a new place of worship.</p><br>
<p>Former Queensland Colonial Architect Francis Drummond Greville Stanley was commissioned to design a building well beyond immediate requirements, in anticipation of the church playing a more prominent role in the development of Queensland Presbyterianism.</p><br>
<p>Stanley had designed a number of masonry churches, including Holy Trinity Anglican Church in Fortitude Valley (1877), St Thomas Anglican Church in Toowong (1877), and St Pauls Anglican Church in Maryborough (1879).</p><br>
<p>In 1886 a brick and stone Sabbath School Hall was erected on a corner of the site, and this building served as a temporary church for three years while the larger building was designed and constructed.</p><br>
<p>Contractor for the £11,000 project was builder and alderman Thomas Rees (later mayor of Brisbane), who completed construction of the church in a little over 18 months. The foundation stone was laid on 8 October 1887 and the church was officially dedicated on 5 May 1889.</p><br>
<p>Much of the stone from the demolished Creek Street church was re-used in the Leichhardt Street church. Also a stone wall with Glasgow- founded iron railings and entrance gates, a pipe organ manufactured by William Hill & Sons, London, and prophet lights donated in 1878 by former Queensland Premier Sir Thomas McIlwraith, were removed to the new site.</p><br>
<p>Despite grand visions of St Pauls as the state centre of Presbyterian worship, the congregation was small and localised until the early 20th century, when a change of ministry encouraged a more active following.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church was redesigned in 1901. The organ and choir stalls were moved from a prominent position beneath the central arch to the southwest transept, and the pulpit was centrally elevated.</p><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s became a community landmark in Spring Hill, recognised officially with the mid-1930s renaming of a section of Leichhardt Street from Boundary Road to Brookes Street as St Pauls Terrace.</p><br>
<p>A number of church facilities were extended in the post-war period. This involved installation of an electronic carillon ("the chimes") in 1950; commissioning of stained glass lights – designed by William Bustard in 1957 and executed by Oliver Cowley between 1958 and 1972 – for the aisle windows; the addition of an electro-pneumatic action to the organ in 1963; and the inclusion of a columbarium in 1967. Renovation of the cedar pulpit, rostrum and communion table was undertaken in 1976.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1980s the Friends of St Paul&#39;s was established, which conducted an appeal to raise funds for restoration work. Funds from the appeal and various grants permitted repairs to some of the ornamental stonework.</p><br>
<p>To help finance a complete restoration, the rights were sold to develop an office tower and townhouse complex on the site of the former manse, which was demolished. Eventually the land itself was sold.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s Presbyterian Church is a stone, gothic-styled building complete with buttresses, belltower and a spire rising 150 feet above the ground.</p><br>
<p>Cruciform in shape, the design incorporates a nave, aisles, and well defined transepts. The chancel is truncated. Essentially the plan is symmetrical, with the addition of a small southwestern entry porch for the spiral staircase to the belltower.</p><br>
<p>The steeply pitched gabled roof with ventilation gablets is clad in broad profile galvanised iron.</p><br>
<p>Three distinct types of stone have been employed in the construction: rough dressed Brisbane tuff, probably from the Spring Hill and Windsor quarries, for the walls and buttresses; durable Helidon sandstone for the window facings; and a softer and less robust sandstone, possibly from Breakfast Creek or Goodna, for other facings and decorative work.</p><br>
<p>At the front a pair of large cedar doors open to a main entry porch paved with tessellated black and white marble. One of the stained glass windows in the entrance, designed by Brisbane artist William Bustard and unveiled in 1923, depicts the apostle Nathaniel. This was donated by the Philp family, following the death in 1922 of former businessman and Queensland premier, Sir Robert Philp.</p><br>
<p>The interior is simple yet impressive: the nave, with its stone pillars and gothic arches, is spacious; exposed wooden arches support a roof lining of diagonal tongue and groove, v-jointed red cedar; and the walls are rendered. Each aisle has its own roof, above which a sequence of cusped windows in the clerestory permits natural lighting of the nave.</p><br>
<p>In the wall above the chancel are a rose window and four large stained glass windows of European manufacture, which depict old testament prophets. Double arched windows along the aisles illustrate ten events in the life of St Paul.</p><br>
<p>Red cedar has been employed for internal joinery and furniture, and the sloping floor is of pine.</p><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s houses the only swung bell in Brisbane, which was cast in 1888 by John Warner & Sons, London. The bell chamber is noted for its perfect acoustic properties in transmitting sound to the nave.</p><br>
<p>After more than a century of use, St Paul&#39;s remains intact in form, structure, fabric and function.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s Presbyterian Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Pauls Presbyterian Church, constructed 1887-89, is significant historically for its association with the work of the Presbyterian Church in Queensland, and in particular, as evidence of the Creek Street congregations anticipation of playing a prominent role in Queensland Presbyterianism.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of 19th century Gothic church design in Queensland: it remains substantially intact, and is one of few churches in Queensland to fully realise the "gothic" style in stone. In addition, St Paul&#39;s is significant for its early pipe organ, stained glass and swung bell.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has considerable landmark quality and aesthetic appeal, and makes a strong aesthetic contribution to both the Spring Hill townscape and the skyline along St Paul&#39;s Terrace. It remains an integral element in a cohesive ecclesiastical precinct formed with the adjoining church hall and boundary fence.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It also has historical significance as the origin of the name of a principal Brisbane street, St Paul&#39;s Terrace – indicative of a wider community association with the church as a Brisbane landmark.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s is important as a major example of the ecclesiastical work of former colonial architect FDG Stanley.</p><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s Presbyterian Church Hall is a heritage-listed church hall at 43 St Pauls Terrace, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built in 1886. It is also known as Sabbath School Hall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Sabbath School Hall, designed by colonial architect Francis Drummond Greville Stanley, was the first building to be erected on the Creek Street Presbyterian Church&#39;s newly acquired property in Leichhardt Street (now St Pauls Terrace), Spring Hill, in 1886.</p><br>
<p>It was built on the site of Brisbanes first childrens hospital, a wooden building which was demolished to make room for the hall.</p><br>
<p>In form and fabric, the hall was designed well beyond immediate requirements, in anticipation of the Creek Street congregation playing a more prominent role in the development of Queensland Presbyterianism. From May 1886 to May 1889 the Sabbath School Hall functioned as a temporary church while the permanent St Paul&#39;s Church was under construction, establishing a precinct which later included church, hall and manse. The manse was demolished in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Over the subsequent century the hall became the focus for the church&#39;s social activities, and was home to an active Sunday School in the period prior to the First World War. An extensive library was established in the hall in connection with the Sunday School.</p><br>
<p>The building served more than the immediate congregation, and in the late 1920s was the venue for local gymnastic competitions.</p><br>
<p>Falling attendances at evening church services during the 1930s depression resulted in their being conducted in the hall, often in a less formal manner than the regular service.</p><br>
<p>In February 1942 during World War II the Australian defence authorities requisitioned the hall for possible use as an emergency centre during air raids, and from these premises the Hon. Robert Menzies conducted his final campaign meeting for the 1949 Australian federal election at which he became Prime Minister of Australia.</p><br>
<p>In 1982 sections of the exterior brickwork were renovated, and early in 1984 a new floor was laid, wiring and power points were renewed, plumbing was repaired and the interior was painted.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s Presbyterian Church Hall, designed in the gothic style with classical nuances, is a low, wide brick building with buttresses and stone facings, built to a T-shape plan with the leg abutting the street.</p><br>
<p>It is capped with a gabled roof clad in broad profile galvanised iron, above which square brick and stone pinnacles rise from the buttresses at the ends of each of the four gables.</p><br>
<p>The front facade, which has a northwest aspect, features a central, pointed-arch window with drip moulding, three green glass lights, tracery, and mullions; and gothic arched doorways with stone pediments above, on either side of the window. Above this is a broad pediment decorated with abbreviated blind panel tracery.</p><br>
<p>The interior, with its rendered walls, timber dado panelling and raised dais at the eastern end, is lit by rectangular multi-paned windows located in the bays along the sides.</p><br>
<p>The hall remains largely intact in form, fabric and function.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s Presbyterian Church Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Pauls Presbyterian Church Hall, constructed in 1886, is significant historically as evidence of the Creek Street congregations anticipation of playing a prominent role in Queensland Presbyterianism, and as an integral part of a cohesive ecclesiastical precinct formed with the adjoining St Paul&#39;s Presbyterian Church and boundary fence.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare 1880s gothic-styled brick hall in Brisbane, and is an example of the ecclesiastical work of former colonial architect FDG Stanley.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare 1880s gothic-styled brick hall in Brisbane, and is an example of the ecclesiastical work of former colonial architect FDG Stanley.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is important for its aesthetic contribution to the Spring Hill townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It is significant also for its community association as the first of the St Paul&#39;s precinct buildings on Spring Hill, and as a venue for local entertainments for over a century.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare 1880s gothic-styled brick hall in Brisbane, and is an example of the ecclesiastical work of former colonial architect FDG Stanley.</p><br>
<p>Bellmount is a heritage-listed detached house at 71 St Pauls Terrace, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bellmount is a small timber cottage constructed in 1880 for Martin McLeod, a bank messenger for the Union Bank of Australia.</p><br>
<p>Spring Hill first developed in the 1850s and 1860s following the subdivision of crown land north of the town centre. Unlike other suburbs, Spring Hill evolved almost entirely into a residential suburb that had very little commercial or industrial base. Social segregation between the rich and the poor arose immediately in the area due to the undulating topography of the land. The elite built superior residences along the ridges of Wickham and Gregory Terraces, taking advantage of the views, breezes and good natural drainage. In comparison, the poor built simple timber houses on small blocks of land in the hollows adjacent to the ridges. St Pauls Terrace (formerly known as Leichhardt Street), was a lesser ridge road that was taken up by various institutions such as churches and schools. The 1880s boom period saw the development of more elite residences and boarding houses in the Spring Hill area. Amongst the working-class people, pyramid-roofed type dwellings such as Bellmount became particularly popular and continued to dominate less prestigious domestic building until the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>Deed of Grant for a 2-acre allotment along Leichhardt Street was granted to David McConnel as early as 1853. The land was subdivided into several allotments in 1872 of which a 30 perch allotment was purchased by William Cookslerf. Further subdivision of that allotment resulted in three similar parcels of land, one of which was bought by Martin McLeod in 1880. On the site, now known as 71 St Pauls Terrace, McLeod erected a typical four roomed timber worker&#39;s cottage with a pyramid type roof. The cottage was later extended by the addition of two more rooms at the rear. Physical detailing of the attic within the main pyramid roof structure suggests that it may also have been added later.</p><br>
<p>The property remained with the McLeod family for three generations until 1976. The building is currently used as offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Bellmount is located on the southern side of St Pauls Terrace, opposite Brisbane Central State School, and amongst a small group of timber houses. The dwelling is essentially a typical four-roomed pyramid roofed cottage that has been extended at the rear. The building occupies almost the full width of the property and is set close to the street boundary. Due to the slope of the site, the house is elevated on timber stumps at the front but set close to the ground at the rear. The apex of the steeply pitched corrugated iron roof is decorated with a timber finial and a single dormer style window projects from the roof towards the street. A skylight has been fitted to the rear slope of the main roof. Half-round guttering, fixed by metal brackets, has been used for the main roof. The external walls of the original house are sheathed in twelve inch chamferboards and most of the original four-paned sash windows remain substantially intact. The extension at the rear of the building is clad in weatherboards and has multi-paned sash windows, which match the dormer window. The front verandah of the house also has a hipped roof that has a convex profile. The verandah has timber posts, brackets and top rails and cast iron balustrading. A pair of latticed screen doors provides access to the verandah and an early louvred infill panel exists at the verandah&#39;s southern end. In comparison to the front, the rear verandah is crudely constructed and has been infilled with a variety of claddings such as corrugated iron, lattice and fibreglass sheeting. The floor of the back verandah is brick paved.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s original core is square and comprises two bedrooms on the north side, with a combined former parlour and drawing room on the other side. Two later built rooms at the rear provide accommodation for a kitchen and an extra bedroom. The attic bedroom, which is located in the main roof space, is accessed via a narrow set of timber stairs located in the former drawing room. A bathroom has been created by the partial enclosure of the back verandah. The internal walls of the house are single skinned and lined with vertical timber boards which are 8 inches wide in the original section but narrower in the rear extension.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bellmount was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Bellmount, built in 1880, is important for demonstrating the early inner suburban development of Brisbane, particularly Spring Hill.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The attic is an unusual example of space utilisation rarely adopted in Queensland due to high internal temperatures.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The house is a substantially intact example of the typical four-roomed pyramid roofed workers cottage that dominated domestic building during the 1880s to 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The house plays a significant role in the nineteenth century street scape of St Pauls Terrace, contributing aesthetically with its scale, form and use of materials.</p><br>
<p>Moody&#39;s Cottages are a heritage-listed pair of houses, one a duplex and the other a detached house, at 8-12, & 16 Victoria Street, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It is also known as Allandoon and Cooee. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Moody&#39;s Cottages were constructed probably in the mid-1870s. They comprise a pair of semi-detached brick houses (Cooee and an unnamed neighbour) and an adjacent, detached brick house called Allandoon.</p><br>
<p>William Moody, a letter carrier employed by the Brisbane Post Office, acquired subdivisions 23 and 24 of portion 236, parish of North Brisbane, in early 1870. Whether any buildings existed on the site, which Moody had purchased from William John Farmer Cooksley, a Brisbane builder, is not known. Although directories reveal Moody was resident in Brisbane by 1874, he is not listed specifically as living in Victoria Street until 1876.</p><br>
<p>In September 1874 the property was re-surveyed into three equal resubdivisions by Richard Gailey, licensed surveyor and a leading Brisbane architect, and it is likely that he was the designer of the cottages.</p><br>
<p>The survey plan was signed by both William Moody and Thomas Spilsbury, a compositor and later Queen Street confectioner, whose purchase of resubdivision 3 from Moody was registered immediately the survey was completed. On this property Spilsbury raised a mortgage of £280, which may have financed the construction of the three houses, in partnership with Moody. The mortgage was released in April 1876, and the resubdivision was resold to Moody in May of the same year.</p><br>
<p>Little is known of Moody&#39;s background which might account for how a postman, promoted to mail sorter in the 1880s, was able to become the owner of three brick houses.</p><br>
<p>Moody&#39;s houses remained the property of his daughters Susannah, Hannah and Margaret Jane until 1949.</p><br>
<p>Allandoon was renovated in the 1980s, and remains a private residence. In 1988 the semi-detached houses were converted into a house and gallery/studio by well known Brisbane artist Rick Everingham, and the name Cooee is generally applied to the pair.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>The Duplex (Cooee and neighbour)</h3><br>
<p>Cooee and its unnamed neighbour originally formed a pair of semi-detached, single-storeyed brick cottages with separate, steeply pitched gabled roofs containing attic spaces lit by dormer windows. The galvanised iron roofs are likely to have been shingled originally.</p><br>
<p>The foundations are of Brisbane tuff and the exterior and party walls are brick on edge, a cheaper form of construction seen occasionally in surviving Brisbane buildings of the 1860s and 1870s, such as the 1863 Callender House (Theosophical Society Building) on Wickham Terrace.</p><br>
<p>The buildings follow the slope down Victoria Street, with the southeastern house higher than its attached neighbour.</p><br>
<p>Both houses have narrow front verandahs adjacent to the street pavement. These have separate convex galvanised iron roofs, timber posts with replaced fretwork brackets, cast-aluminium balustrading and brick end walls of English bond construction. Timber lattice has been added to the verandah of the higher house.</p><br>
<p>No. 8, the top house and the larger of the two, consists of a central brick core with four rooms, an end hallway which leads through the house to an attached kitchen/dining room and bathroom (twentieth century additions), and two attic bedrooms. French doors open from the two front rooms onto the verandah. Internal walls are of brick or vertically jointed pine boards, and cedar doors with fanlights are a feature.</p><br>
<p>No.12 is a smaller building consisting of two main rooms, attic bedroom, and hallway with a pressed metal ceiling which leads to the rear of the house, where twentieth century kitchen, dining room and bathroom facilities have been added. In 1988 false ceilings were installed in the main rooms to accommodate track lighting, and the house was converted into an art gallery, the attic room becoming an artist&#39;s studio.</p><br>
<p>By early 1989 the pair had become a house and gallery/studio with the removal of a section of the brick party wall.</p><br>
<p>Despite some alteration to both structure and fabric, the former semi-detached houses retain their basic form and materials, present a reasonably intact exterior to the street, and are of a housing type rare in Brisbane.</p><br>
<h3>Allandoon</h3><br>
<p>Allandoon is a small, single-storeyed brick house, rectangular in shape, with a gabled roof of corrugated iron which probably was shingled originally.</p><br>
<p>The foundations are of Brisbane tuff and the earliest section of the building is constructed of brick on edge (rats nest bond), the same technique used in the adjacent semi-detached cottages.</p><br>
<p>A narrow front verandah, which has a convex corrugated iron roof, timber posts, fretwork brackets, cast-aluminium balustrading and brick end walls of English bond construction, abuts the street pavement.</p><br>
<p>Internally the house consists of four main rooms opening off a central hallway, with later kitchen, dining and bathroom facilities added at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The house presents a reasonably intact exterior to the street, and is painted in heritage shades.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Moody&#39;s Cottages was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Moody&#39;s Cottages are significant historically as important surviving evidence of the growth of Spring Hill as a dormitory suburb in the 1860s and 1870s, and in particular of the area between Leichhardt Street and Gregory Terrace.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>They are rare Brisbane examples of masonry working-class homes of the 1870s, rarer still for their brick and stone construction, brick on edge work, and gable style. They include a rare example of 1870s masonry, semi-detached working class housing in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>They include a rare example of 1870s masonry, semi-detached working class housing in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The cottages have aesthetic value and are important for their streetscape contribution. They are an integral part of the Victoria and Rogers Streets historical precinct, as identified under the Spring Hill development control plan.</p><br>
<p>Monier Ventilation Shaft 2 is a heritage-listed ventilation shaft at 134 St Paul&#39;s Terrace, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Joseph Monier and built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 August 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Monier Ventilation Shafts are thought to have been constructed, as part of a system of ventilation shafts (either concrete or steel/iron) located at intervals along some of Brisbane&#39;s inner city arterial stormwater drains. Three concrete shafts survive (of at least five erected) and may be the first pre-cast reinforced concrete structures in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Wickham Terrace shaft, on the footpath at the eastern end of Albert Park, opposite Twine Street, was one of a pair, the other having been erected just inside the park, opposite Lilley Street, but since removed. A concrete shaft of identical dimensions exists on the footpath of St Pauls Terrace, opposite Gloucester Street. Both the Wickham Terrace and St Pauls Terrace shafts appear to have been associated with the first Spring Hill stormwater drainage system, laid in the 1880s. A third shaft, of similar but smaller dimensions, exists on the footpath near the former Queensland Primary Producers&#39; Woolstore No.8, in Florence Street, Teneriffe. Stormwater drains were laid in Florence and Ethel streets in mid-1904, and the concrete ventilation shaft at the east end of the Florence Street drain may have been constructed shortly afterwards.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, the distinction between drainage and sewerage was not well defined. Drains were described as sewers and they received a combination of sullage, roof and surface run-off. They relied on rainwater for flushing, and discharged to the nearest watercourse.</p><br>
<p>When Brisbane acquired municipal status in late 1859, there was no system of drainage or sewerage in the town. Most people dumped refuse in the creeks and channels, trusting that stormwater would carry it away to the river, and for some years the Municipal Council considered drainage and sewerage as one and the same thing. However, from about 1868 the Council adopted the policy of "rainfall to the river" and "sewerage to the land", developing a city drainage scheme to carry off stormwater and an earth closet sanitary service.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane Drainage Act of 1875, under which the colonial government agreed to set aside crown land for sale to finance Brisbanes drainage scheme, provided the impetus for construction of Brisbanes early arterial stormwater drains. The systems were designed by the colonial government&#39;s Engineer for Harbours and Rivers, William David Nisbet, and carried out by government contractors under government supervision. Upon completion they became the property and responsibility of the Brisbane Municipal Council, which was responsible also for laying branch drains.</p><br>
<p>By 1878, the inner city was drained by three separate systems:</p><br>
<p>the Frog&#39;s Hollow system - a main drain down Albert and Margaret Streets with branches laid by the Brisbane Municipal Council</p><br>
<p>the Adelaide-Creek Street system, which drained the centre of the town from Makerston Street to Queen Street and the lower sections of Elizabeth and Charlotte Street</p><br>
<p>the Makerston Street system, which served the area between Makerston Street and Petrie Terrace, and between Wickham Terrace and College Road and the Brisbane River.</p><br>
<p>Between 1879 and 1886 the Brisbane Municipal Council, with government loans, developed an arterial drainage system for the densely populated suburbs of Spring Hill and Fortitude Valley (even though the Valley lay outside the Brisbane town boundary). Much of this work comprised open drains, which were covered in the late 1890s. South Brisbane and Kangaroo Point drainage systems were constructed in 1885-86. In the late 1880s, the Brisbane Municipal Council drained parts of New Farm, and a drainage system for Petrie Terrace, begun in 1883, was completed in the late 1880s. By 1890, the Brisbane Municipal Council had completed an arterial drainage scheme for the city core, at a total cost of nearly £130,000.</p><br>
<p>The densely populated Booroodabin Division was annexed to the Municipality of Brisbane in 1903, and in 1908 a loan was secured to enable the Council to complete the drainage of Merthyr, New Farm, Teneriffe, Bowen Hills, Mayne and Newstead by the end of 1909.</p><br>
<p>Without a proper sewerage system, Brisbane residents still tended to dispose of household and trade waste into the stormwater drainage systems. This led to the chronic pollution of local creeks, and foul smells emanating from the stormwater drains. Prior to bacterial theory being widely accepted, such miasma was thought to cause disease.</p><br>
<p>The situation was compounded in 1900 with the arrival of bubonic plague in Australia, carried by rats aboard ships arriving from foreign ports. The first case of human plague in Sydney was reported in January 1900, and in Brisbane (a day and a half away by steamer) on 27 April 1900. Between 1900 and 1909, plague broke out in most of Queensland&#39;s ports, galvanising the State into developing tighter controls over public health and sanitation.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the Commissioner of Public Health, using the strong coercive powers given to him under the provisions of the Health Act of 1900, required the Brisbane Municipal Council to erect ventilators in city streets to remove foul and unhealthy smells from the drainage systems. In 1900, the Council called tenders for the construction and erection of a ventilating shaft at Thorn Street, Kangaroo Point. No trace remains of this vent, except for its design, which was in the Monier system of re-inforced concrete, and identical with that of the vents that have survived on Wickham Terrace and St Paul&#39;s Terrace.</p><br>
<p>The Monier system of reinforced concrete (invented by Frenchman Joseph Monier and patented in 1867) was introduced to Australia in the early 1890s by WJ Baltzer, a New South Wales engineer. Monier&#39;s was the first true reinforced concrete, based on calculations which ensured that the steel was dispersed so as to take tension and shear forces. Baltzer, in association with contracting engineers Carter Gummow and Co. of Sydney, gained the Australian rights to this innovative fabric. The company constructed the first Monier system structure (a small arch for a storm water culvert) in Burwood, New South Wales, in 1894 and a sewer aqueduct linking the Sydney suburbs of Annandale and Balmain in 1895. The first use of the Monier system in Victoria was in 1897 with the Anderson Street Bridge over the Yarra River, designed and constructed by Carter Gummow & Co.</p><br>
<p>Carter Gummow and Co. began manufacture of Monier pipes in Sydney in 1897, and John Monash&#39;s Reinforced Concrete & Monier Pipe Construction Co. commenced production in Melbourne in 1903.</p><br>
<p>During the financial year 1903-04, the Brisbane Municipal Council authorised the spending of £1,537 on erecting sewer ventilating shafts wherever they were urgently needed. It is thought that the surviving concrete ventilation shafts were constructed in consequence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The three surviving concrete ventilation shafts are located in Brisbanes inner city suburbs of Spring Hill and Teneriffe. Two are in Spring Hill - one at the eastern end of Albert Park, on the footpath on Wickham Terrace opposite Twine Street; another on the footpath on St Pauls Terrace, opposite Gloucester Street. A third is located on the footpath in Florence Street, Teneriffe, west of the intersection with Macquarie Street. They ventilate stormwater drains rather than sewers.</p><br>
<p>The Spring Hill ventilators are located on ridges, but the Teneriffe ventilator is on low ground near the Brisbane River. It is not known what rationale was adopted in deciding where the vents were to be placed.</p><br>
<p>The ventilators are constructed of reinforced concrete, hexagonal in shape, with simple ornamentation at half height and apex. The Spring Hill ventilators are 30 feet tall (approximately 9 metres) with a base width of 21 inches (about 52 cm). They have a wall thickness of 4.5 inches (11.5 cm) at the base, tapering to 3 inches (7.8 cm) at the top. The Teneriffe ventilator is of slightly smaller dimensions.</p><br>
<p>All three ventilators are thought to have been constructed in accordance with the patented Monier ventilation system for venting public sewers and drains, and probably pre-cast in an hexagonal mould, with the top face open.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Monier Ventilation Shaft 2 was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 August 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Monier Ventilation Shafts, constructed, are important in illustrating late 19th/early 20th century attitudes toward public health and sanitation, and survive as visible evidence of Brisbane&#39;s early and extensive stormwater drainage scheme and venting system. The three surviving concrete shafts are thought to be the first pre-cast reinforced concrete structures in Queensland, and examples of the earliest application of the Monier system of reinforced concrete construction in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>They provide rare surviving evidence of this early use of true reinforced concrete, and are significant as indicators of the technically advanced state of municipal engineering and construction in Brisbane at the turn of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>They have the potential to contribute further to our understanding of:</p><br>
<p>community attitudes toward public health in the late 19th/early 20th centuries</p><br>
<p>Brisbane&#39;s early stormwater drainage scheme</p><br>
<p>early pre-cast reinforced concrete technology in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>They remain highly intact examples of their type and demonstrate engineering skill and involvement in creating aesthetically pleasing but functional structures.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>They remain highly intact examples of their type and demonstrate engineering skill and involvement in creating aesthetically pleasing but functional structures.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>They provide rare surviving evidence of this early use of true reinforced concrete, and are significant as indicators of the technically advanced state of municipal engineering and construction in Brisbane at the turn of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Fortitude Valley State School is a heritage-listed former state school at 95 Brookes Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Benjamin Backhouse and built from 1867 to 1913. It is also known as State Emergency Services State Headquarters and former Fortitude Valley Boys School and former Fortitude Valley Girls and Infants School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 March 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Two substantial brick buildings form the former Fortitude Valley State School in Brookes Street, Fortitude Valley. The two-storeyed brick building designed by Benjamin Backhouse in 1867 was the former Girls and Infants School. The adjacent single-storey designed by Richard George Suter in 1874 was the former Boys School.</p><br>
<p>Fortitude Valley was settled throughout the 1850s, with a boost to immigrants with the arrival of John Dunmore Langs free settlers on the ship Fortitude. Denied promised land grants this group moved from Yorks Hollow, near Wickham Terrace, to what became known as Fortitude Valley. A government census in 1861 showed that there was a total population of over 1300 people in the district by that year.</p><br>
<p>The Fortitude Valley School opened in rented premises in 1861 in Ann Street near Brunswick Street with an average attendance of 140 boys. A girls school joined the boys in 1864. As attendance continued to rise in this flourishing village, the need for a more permanent educational facility ensued. The site in Brookes Street was selected, and the students took up residence in the 1867 two-storeyed building designed by Benjamin Backhouse. As enrollments continued to grow the need to provide additional facilities saw a second building designed by Richard Suter constructed in 1874. The Girls and Infants school were located in the original building and the Boys occupied the new building. The schools were considered separate entities.</p><br>
<p>Both Backhouse and Suter&#39;s designs were modelled on the Lancastrian system. This system combined galleried schoolrooms and smaller classrooms for use in conjunction with monitors and pupil teachers. Monitors and pupil teachers used the classrooms for drill learning with small groups while the teacher conducted the main class in the schoolroom. The arrangement of the rooms allowed the school to cope with very large numbers of children in ratio to small numbers of teachers. The 1867 Fortitude Valley School was designed to accommodate 300 children.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Backhouse was born in Ipswich, England and migrated to Queensland in 1861 after a sojourn to the Victorian goldfields between 1852 and 1860. During his eight years in Brisbane he was to erect more than 100 buildings, drawing from a wide range of public, commercial and private clients. He was architect to the Board of General Education between 1863 and 1868. He designed brick schools for Warwick (Warwick East State School 1864), Maryborough (1866), and Bowen (1866). He supervised the construction of South Brisbane State School (1864) and extended the Brisbane Normal School. He also designed a number of timber schools in the southern part of Queensland before moving south to Sydney in 1869.</p><br>
<p>Richard George Suter was born in London and migrated in 1853. By 1865, Suter was working with Backhouse whilst establishing his own practice. After Backhouse left Queensland in 1868, Suter was offered independent commissions from the Queensland Board of Education. Suter was to develop the use of exposed external studding on timber buildings which was particularly popular in school building constrained by cost and availability of materials.</p><br>
<p>The school closed in December 2013 due to low student numbers, despite a prolonged campaign by parents and students to keep it open. The Queensland Government argued that there was another school only 1.5 km away that could accommodate the students.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Two distinctive and substantial brick buildings on the south side of Brookes Street, Fortitude Valley, between the Fortitude Valley Police Station and the railway line, were the core buildings of the former Fortitude Valley State School. Their decoration and construction details are reminiscent of the Gothic Revival style favoured for ecclesiastical and educational buildings of the time. Within this idiom, these buildings give expression to a more restrained Gothic, displaying a sense of mass solidity and simplicity. Both are lively compositions with decorative textured surfaces and discrete detailing.</p><br>
<h3>Former Girls and Infants School (Benjamin Backhouse 1867)</h3><br>
<p>This free-standing two-storey red face brick building sits on a rusticated Brisbane tuff base. The exterior is now painted. Though asymmetrical, the school is designed to a basilica-like plan with the narthex and nave expressed externally by steeply pitched intersecting gable roofs. The main entrance is from a five-sided apse porch to the east. To the north, a timber single-storey room with gable roof and decorative paired brackets projects from the middle of the nave. The passage between this room and the main building is now enclosed. The verandah to the south is now enclosed and a single storey brick extension has been constructed to the southeast corner off the apse porch and south verandah.</p><br>
<p>The building has battered, banded corners and two horizontal stringcourses to the upper level. The north and south gable fronts have three lancet windows to the upper level each with a plain head-mould. Beneath the eaves, both gable fronts are decorated with crow gable corbelling and three blank bullseye windows. A vertical rectangular louvred vent to the east gable sits above the apse porch. The eaves are supported by plain corbelled brackets and the underside is lined with tongue and groove boards. The words "primary school" are spelt out in projecting brick on the north side of the nave at the upper floor level. Curved sunhoods with bold brackets and lattice spandrel screens shelter the windows of the ground floor to the west and southwest.</p><br>
<p>The entry and circulation apse opens into a large school room from which two smaller teaching rooms open to the west. The ground and first floor plans are identical. These rooms are now partitioned into office workspaces and meeting rooms. The interiors are plain with stop-chamfering to doors and window frames. The apse stair has stop- chamfered newell posts with ball and half-ball tops and plain rectangular timber post balustrading. Much of the joinery survives. The ceiling to roof of the large school room at the upper level is presently covered by a suspended ceiling of acoustic tiles, but a preliminary investigation reveals that the roof is supported by four collar-braced king-post trusses within a lofty timber lined roof space. The arched pendant posts with decorative corbels survive and are visible beneath the suspended ceiling. A dog-leg stair with half landing has been inserted from the south-west teaching room to the teaching room directly above. In the large school rooms, high set windows to the south and larger lower windows to the north accommodated galleried classes. High set windows to the south and west of the small teaching rooms also accommodated galleried classes. The south verandah is enclosed with weatherboards and louvres and partitioned into toilets. A timber louvre to the former southwest lavatory on the south verandah survives. There are hat/coat hooks along the masonry wall to the verandah. The pavilion extension to the south of the apse is entered from the south verandah. A light and airy room, with a mansard profile sheeted and battened ceiling, it is lit by a bank of south facing windows.</p><br>
<h3>Former Boys School (Richard Suter 1874)</h3><br>
<p>This axially-planned, symmetrical one-storey brick building is east of the former Girls and Infants School and also conforms to a basilica-like plan. Separate, steeply pitched gabled roofs express the narthex and nave and the main entrance is from a five-sided apse porch to the north. The building sits on stone foundations and the verandahs to the east and west rest on low brick piers. The verandahs have been enclosed. The beehive-like corbelling to the eaves of the nave and north gable front is more elaborate than the corbelling on the Girls and Infants School.</p><br>
<p>The apse entry, with a narrow tongue and groove board lined ceiling, opens into the high ceilinged large school room from which two small teaching rooms open to the south. The large school room has been subdivided into two spaces by a vertical tongue and groove lined post and rail framed partition. Both partitioned spaces have a tongue and groove lined ceiling with a plain cornice. There are timber floors throughout. Cambered arched window openings are a feature throughout the building and double arched doors open from the large school room to both verandahs. Windows to the south portion of the large school room are sheeted over and could not be inspected. Windows to the west wall of the north portion have been clumsily replaced but a window to the north east survives. The two small teaching rooms are lit from the south by a bank of casement windows and each opens to its adjacent verandah. The flat sheeted and battened ceiling across these rooms falls with the gable roof slope near the edges of the rooms. Throughout the building door mouldings, window frames, verandah posts and verandah rails are stop-chamfered. Many verandah posts survive within the enclosing boarding, some with capitals intact. There is evidence that there were handrails and balustrading to the verandahs.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The former Opportunity School, a number of sheds, masts and a lookout are scattered to the south of the site.</p><br>
<p>Bitumen paths have been laid throughout the site. A bitumen carpark and a gravel parking lot lie to the north of the site. There is haphazard planting to the Brookes Street boundary and close to the buildings.</p><br>
<p>These incidental buildings and plantings are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Fortitude Valley State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 March 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Two distinctive and substantial brick buildings on the south side of Brookes Street, Fortitude Valley, between the Fortitude Valley Police Station and the railway line were the core buildings of the Fortitude Valley State School. The two buildings are early examples of Queensland public school buildings, demonstrating the evolution of settlement in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The 1913 extension to the former Girls and Infants School and the dividing partition of the former Boys School are important for demonstrating architectural responses to changes in educational theory. Other alterations indicate architectural responses to the evolution of the operational activities of the Fortitude Valley State School.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>They are rare examples of the Gothic Revival style favoured for ecclesiastical and educational buildings in the nineteenth century. The two buildings are important for their intact interiors including; roof trusses, timber lined ceilings, joinery, and apse stair. The design allowed for large schoolrooms combined with small classrooms that accommodated galleried seating, features essential to the nineteenth century Lancastrian teaching system. They are rare surviving Queensland examples of schools designed to accommodate this system of education.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The two buildings contribute to the Brookes Street streetscape aesthetic, which includes the Holy Trinity Church and Rectory, the Fortitude Valley Police Station and the 1948 Fortitude Valley State School.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The 1867 two-storeyed former Girls and Infants School designed by important Queensland architect Benjamin Backhouse, and the 1874 single-storeyed former Boys&#39; School designed by another important Queensland architect Richard George Suter are outstanding examples of their educational work.</p><br>
<p>Bulolo Flats is a heritage-listed apartment block at 9 McLachlan Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hennessey, Hennessey & Co and built in 1934 by P H Turner & Co. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 November 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bulolo Flats, a two-storeyed block of eight self-contained brick flats, was erected in 1934 for Brisbane businessman and politician Thomas Charles Beirne as purpose-designed residential flats for young women working in his TC Beirne Department Store in Fortitude Valley. The building was designed by the prominent architectural firm of Hennessy, Hennessy and Co. of Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Charles Beirne (1860–1949) had a strong association with the development of retailing in Queensland and with the expansion of Fortitude Valley as a major Brisbane retail centre. Like his contemporaries Michael Daniel Piggott, James McWhirter and Frank McDonnell, Beirne founded a fortune based on the burgeoning retail trade and the transformation of nineteenth century drapery stores into large twentieth century department stores.</p><br>
<p>After having trained as a draper in Ireland Beirne had emigrated to Victoria in 1884, where he was employed in a Melbourne drapery store. In 1886, he joined fellow Irishman MD Piggott in partnership in a small retail drapery in South Brisbane. A disastrous fire in the store in 1889 and the dissolution of the partnership in August 1891 resulted in Beirne establishing his own store in Fortitude Valley, which was emerging as a retail centre to rival North and South Brisbane. His business expanded over the succeeding decades to become one of Queenslands leading department stores, with branch stores established at Ipswich (1892) and Mackay (1902). In 1894 James McWhirter was employed as Beirnes manager for one year, became his partner for another three years, then opened his own establishment on the other side of Brunswick Street in Fortitude Valley, in competition to Beirne. The strong rivalry between the Beirne and McWhirter drapery shops and their evolution into large department stores was one of the principal factors in establishing Fortitude Valley as an important retail centre, dominated for the first half of the twentieth century by the two "big" stores.</p><br>
<p>From 1898 Beirne was an active member of the Brisbane Traders&#39; Association. He was a supporter of the Australian Labor Party from its infancy, but would not be tied to Party policy. In 1905 he was appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council, remaining a member until the Council was abolished in 1922. He was a successful business person and sat on a number of company boards, including those of the Brisbane Tramway Company, the Queensland Board of the Australian Mutual Provident Society, Queensland Trustees, the Atlas Assurance Co., and the British Australian Cotton Association. In 1927 he was elected to the Council of the University of Queensland and served as warden of the University from 1928 to 1941. In 1935 he donated £20,000 to the University to establish the TC Beirne School of Law.</p><br>
<p>A devout Roman Catholic and close friend and confidant of Archbishop James Duhig (1871–1965), Beirne was a prominent benefactor of the church. In July 1929 he was awarded a papal knighthood of the Order of St Gregory the Great in recognition of his work for the Church, especially in connection with Duhig&#39;s planned Holy Name Cathedral in Fortitude Valley. On his death in 1949 The Courier-Mail commented that "Brisbane has lost a personality whose life has been woven strongly into its own progress and development for half a century".</p><br>
<p>Beirne was regarded as a good employer and in erecting Bulolo Flats he appears to have had the welfare of his female employees at heart, the flats being intended for the use of girls who came from the country to work at his Fortitude Valley department store. Many of Beirne&#39;s young female employees were experiencing city life for the first time, and he took a paternal interest in their moral welfare. Located in McLachlan Street close to Brunswick Street, Bulolo was conveniently situated within easy walking distance of the main Fortitude Valley shopping centre and the TC Beirne emporium. The building accommodated eight flats, each comprising a large bed-sitting room with adjoining sleep-out balcony, a kitchenette with built-in cupboards, and tiled bathroom with built-in bath, hot water geyser and built-in cupboards. Each flat had both a private entrance and a service entrance with a trades hatch to receive deliveries (such as milk, bread, meat and vegetables). Shared laundry facilities were provided on the rooftop. The flats offered girls the privacy of a home of their own, as an alternative to shared accommodation in hostels, boarding houses, guest houses, private hotels and tenement or apartment buildings.</p><br>
<p>The construction of Bulolo Flats was an indication of changing social attitudes toward the role of women in the workplace and of community expectations about the behaviour of women in society. Designed as private homes for young women earning their own income, they were symbolic of contemporary community recognition that many young, unmarried women of this era could support themselves financially and were no longer content to live in the family home, or in supervised accommodation such as hostels, or in other forms of communal dwellings. At the same time, the intention to attract only female occupants allayed traditional community suspicions about the immorality of single men and women inhabiting shared residential accommodation. By insisting that Bulolo Flats were designed for women only, the stigma of "fast" or "loose" being applied to the young unmarried female occupants was removed.</p><br>
<p>Although quite fashionable in Sydney and in London, flats designed especially for single women were uncommon in Queensland, and no other self-contained block for this purpose is known to have been purpose-constructed in Brisbane in the interwar period. Sometimes referred to as "bachelor flats", they were distinguished from one-bedroom flats in that the bedroom and sitting room were combined, with a small kitchenette attached (sometimes just an alcove with a sink and single gas burner). Bachelor flats often had shared bathrooms, water closets and laundries, and were in reality tenements, not self-contained flats. For example, the only other identified, purpose-built interwar flat/tenement building in Brisbane designed expressly to accommodate single girls was St Helier, a block of six brick tenements erected in 1930 in Grey St, South Brisbane (no longer extant). Each apartment comprised a bed-sitting room with kitchenette. Bathrooms and water closets were shared – one bath per three persons – and there was a common laundry. In 1932 a second storey was added, comprising three tenements and an owners flat of six rooms. Similarly, a few blocks of "bachelor flats" or tenements were erected in Brisbane for single men – such as Donegal (1934 and 1936) on St Pauls Terrace in Fortitude Valley. Bulolo was unusual in that, although designed along the lines of "bachelor flats", the apartments were self-contained with private bathrooms and water closets.</p><br>
<p>Bulolo was erected in the vanguard of the revival in Brisbane residential construction following the economic depression of the early 1930s. A chronic housing shortage in Brisbane had been exacerbated by the Depression and the collapsed of the residential construction industry. With many young couples unable to afford to purchase land and take on house repayments the demand for rental accommodation intensified, and in this environment small flat developments, both purpose-designed and house conversions, were proving attractive investments for small-scale developers. For a large enterprise such as TC Beirne (Pty) Ltd, however, the construction of Bulolo Flats was a philanthropic gesture rather than an investment opportunity, providing employment during construction and much-needed residential accommodation for young women during an accommodation shortage.</p><br>
<p>Title to the site of Bulolo Flats was acquired by TC Beirne (Pty) Ltd early in 1934; in July that year Council building approval was obtained to erect a block of flats to cost £4,500 and work commenced the same month. The contractor was PH Turner & Co. and the building was designed by architects Hennessy, Hennessy and Co.</p><br>
<p>Hennessy, Hennessy and Co. was a Sydney-based architectural firm with branch offices in Brisbane and Melbourne. The firm had been established in Sydney in 1884 by John Francis Hennessy and Joseph I Sheerin as Hennessy and Sheerin. Both were devout Catholics and friends of Archbishop of Sydney (later Cardinal) Patrick Francis Moran, and their firm designed extensively for the Catholic Church in New South Wales. In 1912 Sheerin left the practice; his place was taken by Hennessys son Jack Francis Hennessy, junior and the firm was renamed Hennessy and Hennessy. The Brisbane office was established in 1916 in association with Brisbane architect Francis Richard Hall (Hennessy and Hennessy and FR Hall). In 1925 Jack Donoghue was the Brisbane partner (Hennessy, Hennessy, Keesing and Co. and JP Donoghue). Leo Joseph Drinan was manager of the Brisbane office 1924–1927 and Brisbane partner/manager from 1928 to 1967. Like the Hennessys, Hall, Donoghue and Drinan were all Catholics with close connections to the Church in Queensland. Jack Francis Hennessy, junior, the principal of this firm in the interwar period, was TC Beirnes son-in-law, having married Stella Beirne in 1922.</p><br>
<p>Hennessy, Hennessy and Co.s work for the Catholic Church in Queensland included Villa Maria Convent on St Pauls Terrace, Fortitude Valley and plans for the Holy Name Cathedral, also in Fortitude Valley, which did not come to fruition. Hennessy, Hennessy and Co. were leading practitioners of mainstream interwar styles such as Spanish Mission and Romanesque and many of their buildings featured textured face brickwork, as in Bulolo Flats.</p><br>
<p>The name of the flats appears to have been derived from the Bulolo goldfield in the Central Highlands of Papua New Guinea, southwest of Lae. The site of a rush in 1934 when these flats were constructed, the Bulolo field was attracting much Australian interest and investment.</p><br>
<p>Bulolo Flats remained the property of TC Beirne (Pty) Ltd / TC Beirne Ltd / Duncan Street Properties (Pty) Ltd until 1955. The flats remain in single ownership and have not been strata-titled.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Bulolo Flats occupies most of a narrow, slightly sloping site at the southern end of busy McLachlan Street, Fortitude Valley, on the eastern side of the street, close to the northern exit from the Story Bridge, and one allotment south of the intersection of McLachlan and Brunswick streets.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-storeyed brick building comprising eight one-bedroom brick flats, four flats per floor, accessed via a central entrance from McLachlan Street. The roof is hidden behind front and side parapets. A laundry block is accommodated on the roof, at the rear. This has a flat roof behind its own parapet. On each side elevation, a centrally- positioned recess accommodates timber stairs and landings that once functioned as the service stairs, and now serve as fire-escapes only. The upper floor flats and front ground-floor flats each have a door opening onto the service stair. The two rear ground-floor flats have a back door opening to the narrow spaces along the sides of the building. At each side of the building three brick steps lead from the street to these side spaces, which once provided side access to the service door of each flat. This access is now gated. There is a brick planter box each side of the front entrance, occupying a narrow space between the front wall of the building and the street boundary.</p><br>
<p>It is a well-executed building in both design and workmanship, with brickwork used for simple decorative effect in the exterior elevations. The exterior walls are of face-brick, of a flecked, mostly red-orange hue. The plinth, which is deeper at the front where the ground slopes to McLachlan Street, is of cream brick. Exterior decorative detailing – such as to window sills, around the top of the planter boxes, and along the top of the parapet to the side and front elevations – is in dark brown, salt-glazed brick.</p><br>
<p>The front elevation to McLachlan Street is divided into three bays, delineated by simple brick pilasters which rise above the level of the parapet. In the two front side bays, on each level, former sleep-outs have been enclosed with fixed glass panels in aluminium frames. In the central bay, on the upper level, there is a fixed glass window with an aluminium frame; on the lower level a central entrance porch has been constructed over the original stairs. Above the porch is a rendered panel with the name of the building, BULOLO, in low relief "Art Deco" style lettering.</p><br>
<p>The decorative detailing in the front elevation is simple but effective, and includes: the use of polychromatic brickwork in the parapet; the use of multiple brick pilasters at the corners of the building; the creation of textured effects using expressed brickwork; and the incorporation of six small "grotesques", two in each of the front bays, at about the height of the upper floor.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bulolo Flats was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 November 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Bulolo Flats, constructed in 1934, is important for its association with the provision of residential accommodation for women in Brisbane during a period of chronic, bordering on acute, housing shortage. It was one of the few residential establishments of its type constructed in Brisbane at this period, and was an attempt to address contemporary community concerns about the moral "evils" of single men and women together in other forms of shared residential accommodation of the period, such as boarding houses, guest houses, and private hotels. The place also demonstrates contemporary community recognition that modern young women were seeking an independent lifestyle outside the family home.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane attracted the greatest percentage of residential flat developments in the State during the interwar years, and from late 1933 the erection of purpose-designed, purpose-built blocks of residential flats led the recovery in Brisbane residential construction following the severe and widespread economic depression of the early 1930s. Construction of Bulolo Flats in 1934 was in the vanguard of this activity.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Bulolo Flats is an uncommon Queensland example of purpose-built residential flats of the interwar period intended to accommodate single women only. Unlike some other "bachelor flats" or "flats for business girls" of this period, in which bathrooms and lavatories were shared, the Bulolo Flats, although essentially bed-sits, were self-contained, with private bathroom, water closet and kitchenette.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Bulolo Flats remains highly intact. As an excellent example of its type it is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a well-designed, well-constructed, domestic-scale block of self-contained residential flats for single women. Each small flat contains a bed-sitting room, sleep-out, kitchenette, bathroom, water closet, built-in cupboards, and front and rear (trades) entrances. Common areas include the central street entrance, halls, stairwells and the former shared laundry facilities on the rooftop. The lack of provision of garaging is consistent with its interwar purpose as flats for young women residing within easy walking distance of their place of work. Decorative details such as the planter boxes at the front, either side of the entrance stairs; the stylistic concerns with utilising brickwork for decorative purposes (including salt-glazed highlights and patterns in a darker colour brick and the incorporation of dramatic pilasters to the exterior); and the incorporation of small "grotesques" in the front elevation; remain intact.</p><br>
<p>The place is an excellent example of the domestic work of the architectural firm of Hennessy, Hennessy and Co. in Queensland. The firm received a large number of commissions from the Catholic church in Queensland, and they are better known for their design work in convents, church schools, churches and presbyteries throughout the south-east of the State. In Bulolo, their concern with Romanesque stylistic influences so often found in their institutional work and of which they were leading practitioners, is apparent in their domestic design work as well.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with TC Beirne, a prominent Queensland businessman and politician, for whom the flats were erected. It remains strong evidence of his compassion as an employer and as a committed Catholic and humanitarian, which earned him the respect of his staff and of the Queensland community generally.</p><br>
<p>Tofana di Rozes  is a mountain of the Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Veneto, Italy. Located west of the resort of Cortina dAmpezzo, the mountains giant three-edged pyramid shape and its vertical south face, above the Falzarego Pass, makes it the most popular peak in the Tofane group, and one of the most popular in the Dolomites.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From May 1915 to July 1916, the mountain and its surroundings was the location of fierce fighting between Italian and German, later Austrio-Hungarian, troops, as part of the Italian front in World War I.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Most climbs start from the north, where the mountain is a relatively easy hike, or the west face, where the summit can be reached by a via ferrata. The south face, however, is a much more difficult challenge, with many of the routes being either fifth or sixth graded climbs. The mountain was first climbed in 1864 by Paul Grohmann and local hunter Francesco Lacedelli. The south face was first conquered in 1901.</p><br>
<p>The Donovan–Hussey Farms Historic District encompasses a pair of 19th-century farm properties in rural Houlton, Maine. Both farms, whose complexes stand roughy opposite each other on Ludlow Road northwest of the town center, were established in the mid-19th century, and substantially modernized in the early 20th century. As examples of the changing agricultural trends of Aroostook County, they were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Donovan Farm</h2><br>
<p>The Donovan Farm stands on the south side of Ludlow Road. The farmstead is a connected complex with an east-facing main house joined to a three-story gambrel-roofed barn by a long single-story ell extending to the south. The barns main entrance faces north, with a secondary entrance to the basement on the east. The house built c. 1845 by Michael Donovan, an Irish immigrant, whose landholdings exceeded 200 acre, including the Hussey Farm property. Donovan worked the farm as a dairy operation, an industry which began to decline in the area in the 1920s. The original Donovan barn was destroyed by fire in 1920, as was its replacement just eighteen months later. Donovans son built a new barn oriented toward potato farming, and also updated the house from its original Cape configuration into a Dutch Colonial. The farm originally had several other outbuildings, including a potato house and a hog or chicken house, but these have been torn down.</p><br>
<h2>Hussey Farm</h2><br>
<p>The Hussey Farm stands on the north side of Ludlow Road, with a connected farmstead including the main house, barn, and milk house. Other outbuildings on the property include an equipment shed near the house, and a wood frame structure used as a recreational camp at the edge of woods to the north. The original Donovan farm property was divided in 1893 by his sons Timothy and John, with the latter taking ownership of the northern section. John Donovan lived in a house that was located west of the present farmstead. In 1912 he sold the property to Joseph Hussey, who grew up nearby, and it was Hussey who built the present American Foursquare house around that time. The barn, like that on the Donovan farm a three-story gambrel-roofed structure, appears to have been built earlier; the date "1906" is incised on one of its beams. Unlike the Donovan barn, this one is organized for dairy operations.</p><br>
<p>The Camp Crowder Gymnasium is a historic school building at 205 Shiloh Drive in Sulphur Springs, Benton County, Arkansas. It is a tall single-story wood frame structure, covered in weatherboard, with normal-height single-story shed-roofed sections running the length of the building. It was built in the early 1940s at Camp Crowder, a military base in Missouri, and moved to this location in 1948 by the Brown Military Academy of the Ozarks. The complex which it is a part of has gone through a variety of institutional ownership changes, with the building continuing to serve as a focus of recreational activities. It is a rare example of military construction in the small community.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Fullerton Creek is a tributary of Coyote Creek, which is a lower tributary of the San Gabriel River. The San Gabriel River is found in northwest Orange County, southeast Los Angeles County, and southwest Riverside County in the U.S. state of California.</p><br>
<p>The creek is approximately ten and a half miles long from the Fullerton Dam to Coyote Creek. Knott Avenue runs over Fullerton Creek on a tiny concrete bridge built in 1950. For Fullerton Creek, the USGS operated two stream gauges from 1936 to 1964. The creek was originally a natural stream that flowed from Puente Hills in a southwestern direction toward the southeastern borders of the City of Fullerton. Agricultural development in the 20th century helped shape its current alignment. There is a 7-acre greenbelt built around a short segment of Fullerton Creek that opened in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Cooper Landing Historic District encompasses a cluster of five buildings in Cooper Landing, Alaska. Oriented toward the Kenai River but now accessible from the Sterling Highway, the district includes two residential structures  built before 1910, the Cooper Landing Post Office, built in the 1910s, the c. 1925 log Riddiford School, and the c. 1946 Leo Douglas log cabin. They represent the historic heart of the Cooper Landing community, which stretches for 10 mi along the highway, and were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The historical district contains a total of 5 contributing properties, built between 1905 and 1946:</p><br>
<p>The Charles & Beryl Lean House, 60.48957&deg; latitude, -149.83367&deg; longitude, built c. 1910.</p><br>
<p>The Ridderford School, 60.48886&deg; latitude, -149.83489&deg; longitude, built c. 1925-1927. The building has been relocated a short distance to the west of its original location and is now part of the Cooper Landing Historical Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Dunc Little Cabin, 60.48941&deg; latitude, -149.83431&deg; longitude, built c. 1905.</p><br>
<p>The Leo Douglas Cabin, 60.48911&deg; latitude, -149.8338&deg; longitude, built c. 1946.</p><br>
<p>The Cooper Landing Post Office, formerly Jack Lean&#39;s Store, 60.48899&deg; latitude, -149.83485&deg; longitude, built c. 1910-1920. The building has been relocated along with Ridderford School a short distance to the west and is now part of the Cooper Landing Historical Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Hugh M. Garvey House is a historic house located at 8 Fair Oaks Drive in Leland Grove, Illinois. The International Style house was built from 1956 to 1959. It was the first house built in the style in the Springfield area and one of the area&#39;s first modern-styled homes; however, it led to a wave of popularity for the International Style in Springfield during the 1960s. Prominent Central Illinois architect John Benya designed the house; he later became known for his major projects in Quincy, including its airport terminal. The two-story house has a glass-paneled curtain wall exterior with an aluminum frame. Steel and concrete elements provide structural support, and concrete and brick dividers split each side of the house in half visually.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 10, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Pleasant Retreat Academy, also known as The Confederate Memorial Hall, is a historic building located at 129 East Pine Street, Lincolnton, North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pleasant Retreat Academy was built between 1817 and 1820, and is a two-story brick building, four bays wide and two deep, on a low fieldstone foundation in a restrained Federal-style. It has a gable roof and a partially exposed, single-shoulder chimney on each gable end. The school remained in operation until about 1878. It later housed a private residence, private school, and the Lincoln County Public Library until 1965. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Former pupils</h2><br>
<p>William Graham (1804–1875), American politician</p><br>
<p>James Henderson (1808–1858), American politician</p><br>
<p>Robert Hoke (1837–1912), Confederate States Army general</p><br>
<p>Hoke Smith (1855–1931), American politician</p><br>
<p>Vesuvius Furnace is a historic home and iron furnace located between Denver and Iron Station, Lincoln County, North Carolina. The house was built in two sections the older dated to about 1792, with the western section added about 1810-1820. It is a two-story, five bays wide and two deep, frame structure with a one-story shed porch. The furnace was built in 1790, and is constructed of large stone blocks of random sizes, but about half of the square pyramidal structure has fallen down. The furnace is about 20 feet high and is filled with dirt, debris, and vegetation. Vesuvius Furnace was established by General Joseph Graham, who was one of the chief leaders in the 18th and early 19th century production of iron in Lincoln County, and was the father of governor and as secretary of the navy William Alexander Graham.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the home was privately restored and opened as Vesuvius Vineyards, a wine vineyard and wedding venue.</p><br>
<p>Reinhardt-Craig House, Kiln and Pottery Shop is a historic home, kiln, and pottery shop located near Vale, Lincoln County, North Carolina. The house, kiln and pottery shop, were built by Harvey Reinhardt between 1933 and 1936. The house is a one-story, rectangular frame building, two bays wide by three bays deep. It has a front gable roof and a shed-roofed, full-width, front porch. The kiln is a traditional, wood-fired, alkaline glaze groundhog cross-draft kiln that includes a firebox, arch, and chimney, all made of brick. It measures 24 feet, 11 inches long by 11 feet, 6 inches wide. The one-story shop is a frame structure with a side-gabled tin roof and wood clapboard siding. Also on the property is a contributing pugmill built in 1949. The pottery was a producer of traditional Catawba Valley Pottery and associated with Burlon Craig .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Lincolnton Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Lincolnton, Lincoln County, North Carolina. It encompasses 62 contributing buildings and 2 contributing objects in the central business district of Lincolnton. It includes a variety of commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings dating between about 1900 and 1955. Located in the district are the separately listed Classical Revival style Lincoln County Courthouse and First United Methodist Church. Other notable buildings include the Carolina and North Western Railroad Freight Depot , the Frank Beal House , Karl L. Lawing House , Reinhardt Building, Carolina First National Bank, Central Candy and Cigar Company, Jonas Building , Wampum Department Stores , Rhodes and Corriher Company building, and Coca-Cola Bottling Company building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Maine Woods Office, now the Phillips Community Building, is a historic commercial and community building on Main Street in Phillips, Maine. Built in 1848 by a local lawyer, it is regionally significant as a rare example of commercial Gothic Revival architecture, and as the original home of the Maine Woods newspaper, which disseminated news about sporting and hunting in Maine to an international audience. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The building is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a granite foundation and a steeply-pitched front-gable roof. The building is sheathed in vertical board-and-batten siding, characteristic of the Gothic Revival. The front facade is three bays wide, with a pair of large single-sash windows flanking a center entry. The second level has three double-hung sash windows, and there is a Gothic-arched window in the gable end. The building is one a few known Gothic Revival commercial structures in the state.</p><br>
<p>The building has seen a variety of uses since it was built in 1848 by Moses Sherburne, a prominent local lawyer and businessman. Its upper level was used by the local Masonic lodge between 1851 and 1902. In 1878 the lower level housed the offices of the Maine Woods newspaper, which carried news about hunting and fishing in Maine to an international audience. The building was purchased in 1918 by the local Congregation Church, which has operated it since then as a community meeting space.</p><br>
<p>Edgecliff is a historic summer house at 34 Norwood Lane in Southwest Harbor, Maine. Built in 1886-87 and enlargeed in 1910-11, it is an architecturally distinctive blend of Shingle and Queen Anne styles. Its original construction was designed by William Augustus Bates, a New York City-area architect, for Samuel and Annie Downs, teachers at the Abbot Academy of Andover, Massachusetts. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Edgecliff is located east of the village center of Southwest Harbor on Clark Point, a peninsula that projects into Somes Sound, the body of water that divides Mount Desert Island into two lobes. The house stands about 75 ft from the eastern shore, facing the water. It is a two story wood frame structure, rectangular in shape except for an east-facing projecting bay, and a single-story wraparound porch. The exterior is finished in wooden clapboards and shingles, with relatively plain wooden trim elements. There is a line of flared siding separating the first and second levels. The roofline is complex, punctuated with dormers, gables, and projecting bays. Portions of the building foundation have been covered in shingles, while others are covered by latticework with viny plantings growing on them. The interior is relatively simply decorated, with crown molding throughout both public and private spaces, and slightly more detailed door and window molding in the public spaces.</p><br>
<p>The house was commissioned by Samuel and Annie Downs, both teachers at Abbot Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. They had built a small cottage elsewhere on Clark Point in 1882-83, and were one of the first summer visitors to build a permanent summer home in the area. They hired William Augustus Bates, a New York City-area architect known for his summer houses, to design a larger house for that property, This resulted in the first stage of construction of Edgecliff in 1886-87, at the location of the first cottage. After Samuel Downs died in 1909, the house was purchased by Schuyler Clark, who moved it to its present location, and had it enlarged with a two-story addition to the north and increased porch space. This work, designed by an as-yet unidentified architect, improved the internal layout of the building, and gave it more Queen Anne touches than the predominantly Shingle-style building the Downses had built. The house remained in Clark family hands until 1970.</p><br>
<p>Pfefferkorn House and Granary, or Lichendale is a historic slave plantation house located in West Friendship, Maryland near Glenelg, Maryland in Howard County, Maryland, United States.</p><br>
<p>The Lichendale farm is 450 acres combined from the 1837 Walter Brown, 1848 Gerald Hobbs and 1855 Thomas Jenkins farms.</p><br>
<p>The Lichendale mansion was built on the site in 1872 for the Shipley Family. 450 acres of land from "Hobbs Rest", "Poverty Discovered", and "Cumberland" were purchased by Laura Shipley, wife of the late Ethelbert E. Shipley from 1871-1872. The estate was inherited by her daughter Ethel and her husband Milfin Hood who sold the property after the deaths of their two daughters Betty and Carol in 1931. The estate was purchased by the Pfefferkorn family.</p><br>
<p>The Lichendale mansion burned in 1946. A wooden granary built between 1841 and 1868 was relocated in 1972 onto the Northern foundation and clad in grapevine seam brick. The Pfefferkorn house is a five bay wide, two story tall brick structure on a fieldstone foundation.</p><br>
<p>Outbuildings on the site include a 1873 Victorian playhouse, smokehouse, shed and four gable barn.</p><br>
<p>The house and estate are on a 51-acre remander parcel. The farms of Senator Robert H. Kittleman inherited by county executive Allan Kittleman, and former county executive Norman E. Moxleys sons estate "Popular Springs Garden Invasion" reside on subdivisions of the original farm, sheltered by the Pfefferkorn Natural Resource Area owned by Howard County.</p><br>
<p>Sphinx Mountain, el. 10,840 ft is a prominent mountain peak on the western face of the Madison Range in Madison County, Montana. The peak is located in the Beaverhead National Forest and Taylor Hilgard parcel of the Lee Metcalf Wilderness area. Its prominence and isolation makes it easy to distinguish from Ennis in the Madison River valley.</p><br>
<p>Bear and Indian creeks are tributaries of the Madison River with headwaters on the eastern and northern face of Sphinx Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded ascent was on July 30, 1913, by Anton W. Asmuth, George Belchic, Stanley H. Wardwell, and someone named Kimball who were students from the Harvard Summer School of Geology. A second recorded ascent was made on August 1, 1919 by R. B. Hevy, John H. Hall Jr., Robert E. Crosby, and Henry J. Hall Jr., also Harvard students. Sphinx Mountain may have been ascended during the 1880s and 1890s by geologists Frank Tweedy, Edward Douglas and or Albert C. Peale during their topographic surveys of the Three Forks quadrangle.</p><br>
<p>The first recorded winter ascent was made in December 1964 by Kit Jones and James W. Clark and has been a popular winter climb ever since.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Sphinx Mountain is of interest to geologists as it exposes an unusual formation known as the Sphinx Conglomerate (Eocene) which overlays the Livingston Formation (Late Cretaceous). The conglomerate is found only on Sphinx Mountain and the adjacent peak, The Helmet. It was first identified by geologist A. C. Peale in during geological surveys of the region in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Fulton Creek Is a minor tributary which flows into the North Saskatchewan River. Fulton Creek originates within The Meadows area of Edmonton, Alberta. As with other urban Edmonton waterways, with long stretches running through underground culverts, and water volume managed by other urban land uses and for erosion control, Fulton Creek has been labeled a lost creek.</p><br>
<h2>Origination</h2><br>
<p>Fulton Creek originates in the southeastern section of Edmonton, from the Fulton Marsh in the Maple neighbourhood. The Fulton Marsh is a constructed wetland, created after the original was drained in the 1990s in anticipation of the development of Maple, which started after 2010. Fulton Marsh is now a protected wetland that conserves the native flora and fauna in the area. As Fulton Creek travels its generally north-northwestern route to the North Saskatchewan River, it receives water from other smaller streams that have mostly disappeared from view.</p><br>
<h2>Water course</h2><br>
<p>Fulton Creek, after discharging from the Fulton Marsh, runs through a number of Edmonton light to medium industrial parks and residential neighbourhoods:</p><br>
<p>Fulton Marsh in the Maple neighbourhood</p><br>
<p>Maple Ridge Industrial</p><br>
<p>Southeast Industrial</p><br>
<p>Pylypow Industrial</p><br>
<p>Weir Industrial Park</p><br>
<p>Davies Industrial East</p><br>
<p>Gainer Industrial</p><br>
<p>Kenilworth neighbourhood</p><br>
<p>Ottewell neighbourhood</p><br>
<p>Terrace Heights neighbourhood</p><br>
<p>Fulton Place neighbourhood</p><br>
<p>flows into North Saskatchewan River at outlet beside the Capilano Bridge</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Fulton Creek has been culverted most of its way, in order for the City of Edmonton to build neighbourhoods in the surrounding areas. Due to being culverted, the creek&#39;s discharge into the river is very minimal and tends to dry up in the summer. Spring melt can cause the creek to overflow, allowing melt water to access the river. Over time, the City of Edmonton Drainage Department has added culverts and Gabion Check dams to address erosion and high flow incidents.</p><br>
<p>The area surrounding the Fulton Marsh is generally flat with very minimal sloping. In areas where Fulton Creek emerges, a light depression begins to form. Towards the river, the creek slopes into a sharp and deep ravine.</p><br>
<p>Fulton Creek moves through a short culvert underneath Whitemud Drive, between Maple and Maple Ridge Industrial. It is above ground through much of the Maple Ridge, Southeast and Pylypow industrial areas, moving back into a culvert near 43a Street and 69 Avenue in the northwest corner of Pylypow.</p><br>
<p>The Creek remains in underground culverts through the Weir, Davies and Gainer industrial areas as well as the Kenilworth and Ottewell neighbourhoods. It emerges in ponding areas in a park on the northwest side of Austin O&#39;Brien Catholic High School, on the north central edge of Ottewell. From there, with exceptions for culverts and ponding areas, Fulton Creek flows above ground through the park like Fulton Creek Ravine, which divides the Terrace Heights and Fulton Place neighbourhoods. Wayne Gretzky Drive runs through the side of the final northern section of the Fulton Creek Ravine, before the Drive crosses the Capilano Bridge and Fulton Creek discharges into the North Saskatchewan River.</p><br>
<p>Cheyenne Mountain is a triple-peaked mountain in El Paso County, Colorado, southwest of downtown Colorado Springs. The mountain serves as a host for military, communications, recreational, and residential functions. The underground operations center for the North American Aerospace Defense Command  was built during the Cold War to monitor North American airspace for missile launches and Soviet military aircraft. Built deep within granite, it was designed to withstand bombing and fallout from a nuclear bomb. Its function broadened with the end of the Cold War, and then many of its functions were transferred to Peterson Air Force Base in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Homesteading on the mountain began in 1867 and the mountain was the site of resorts and retreats beginning in the 1880s. Spencer Penrose, who built The Broadmoor in 1918, bought many of the properties on the mountain and built the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Cheyenne Mountain Highway, Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun, a lodge on one of the mountain peaks, and a retreat at Emerald Valley. The site of the lodge has become a wilderness Cloud Camp and Emerald Valley is now the site of The Broadmoor&#39;s Ranch at Emerald Valley. Land on Cheyenne Mountain that had once been owned by The Broadmoor is now the site of luxury homes. A community, Overlook Colony, that began in 1911 still resides on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The two parks on and at the base of Cheyenne Mountain are Cheyenne Mountain State Park and North Cheyenne Cañon Park. A noticeable feature on the top of one of Cheyenne Mountain&#39;s peaks is an antenna farm with transmitters for cellular phone, radio, television, and law enforcement transmitters.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cheyenne Mountain has three peaks. The southern peak is Cheyenne Mountain&#39;s summit at 9,200 ft in elevation. It was formerly called Mount Albrecht. The antenna farm sits on the middle peak. The northern peak, The Horns, may look to some like the head of a dragon or horns. The peak is 9,200 ft in elevation.</p><br>
<p>The mountains boundaries are Rock Creek, which flows from Mount Big Chief through Cheyenne Mountain to the town of Fountain, to the south and Cheyenne Cañon to the north. The western side of Cheyenne Mountain is in Pike National Forest, within the Pikes Peak Ranger District. Colorado Springs skyline features Cheyenne Mountain and Pikes Peak. Other mountain peaks are Mount Arthur, Mount Baldy, Mount Rosa, Cameron&#39;s Cone, and Mount Garfield.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Cheyenne Mountain was named for the Cheyenne people. Native Americans found that Cheyenne Mountain was a good source of wood for teepee poles. It was visited by Cheyenne and Arapaho people, who may have sought spiritual inspiration from the mountain&#39;s waterfalls. Cheyenne Mountain was used by Ute Native Americans to cross from the plains and benefit from the "steep slopes and hidden valleys" to safely travel from enemy tribes that had their horses stolen by the Utes.</p><br>
<h3>Late 19th century</h3><br>
<p>William Dixon, a rancher, claimed a homestead in the Cheyenne Mountain foothills in 1867. He built a tavern along a trail up Cheyenne Mountain and turned the trail into a toll road, now called Old Stage Road, to Cripple Creek. The road begins as a paved road and is then a dirt road through Pike National Forest. His homestead ultimately became part of The Broadmoor resort.</p><br>
<p>The Cheyenne Mining District was located on Cheyenne Mountain. The Little Suzie gold mine was built by a group of prospectors in the 1870s. Silver and minerals were mined on Cheyenne Mountain in 1883. Towns or resorts built on Cheyenne Mountain included the original Bruin Inn (1884), Watsonville (town named in 1884) and Wade City, also called Wade&#39;s Resort, (1885). The first mining claims granted for El Paso County were for the Manganese and Rio Grande lodes on Cheyenne Mountain by January 31, 1885.</p><br>
<h3>Early 20th century</h3><br>
<p>The Colorado Springs and Cripple Creek District Railway (Short Line) traversed Cheyenne Mountain</p><br>
<p>during the trip between Cripple Creek and Colorado Springs by 1905. It transported coal, mined ore, and passengers. Also at that time, a carriage road went to Seven Lakes and the summit of Pikes Peak from Cheyenne Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Grace Lutheran Church built a retreat in Emerald Valley in 1904. It is now The Broadmoor&#39;s Ranch at Emerald Valley. In 1905, Dr. August McKay homesteaded on 120 acres on the east slope of Cheyenne Mountain. He developed a series of trails and rest houses that led to The Sunshine Inn that he built as a health resort above Old Stage Road. The property was purchased by Spencer Penrose, who had the inn torn down.</p><br>
<p>The Overlook Colony was started in 1911 by a group of Colorado College professors. It first started as a summer retreat for the educators, and grew to include musicians, doctors, artists, generals, oilmen, and an ambassador to India. The Cheyenne Mountain Zoo was built just below and the Will Rogers Shrine built just above this community. Residents manage the Overlook Colony Mutual Water Company that governs water conservation, maintenance, and testing of the water supply from deep within the former Little Susie gold mine.</p><br>
<p>Bert Swisher and Thomas Dixon homesteaded on Cheyenne Mountain in 1917. Dixon resided with his family in a cabin near the top of the mountain in the middle of three valleys. Swisher&#39;s cabin was near the present site of the antenna farm at the top of the mountain, which was accessed by Old Stage Road.</p><br>
<h3>Spencer Penrose and The Broadmoor</h3><br>
<p>Cheyenne Mountain became a successful recreational and resort area when Spencer Penrose developed The Broadmoor resort in 1918. The Cheyenne Mountain Cog Railroad provided narrow gauge cog railway service to South Cheyenne Cañon from the Broadmoor Casino beginning in 1918. It later offered service from The Broadmoor to the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo. Service ended in 1974.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, Penrose began to develop on Cheyenne Mountain property on the northern peak that he bought in 1915. He built the Cheyenne Mountain Highway in 1925. In 1926, the Cheyenne Mountain Lodge opened at the top of Cheyenne Mountain. It had a restaurant, a suite for Penrose on the third floor, four guest rooms, and living quarters for servants. Visitors could make the trip up the Cheyenne Mountain Highway on the backs of elephants. The lodge closed in 1961. It was razed in 1976 following years of destruction by vandals. It is now the site of The Broadmoor&#39;s Cloud Camp lodge and cabins.</p><br>
<p>Penrose developed the country&#39;s highest zoo at 6,800 ft in elevation, the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo (1926) on the mountain and Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun (1937) on the northern promontory of the mountain. The Cheyenne Mountain Highway was built for transport to the zoo, shrine, and top of the mountain. The Broadmoor built a ski area on Cheyenne Mountain in 1959. In 1986, the resort closed Ski Broadmoor, but the city of Colorado Springs and Ski Vail stepped in to keep it open. It closed in 1991. The land was sold to the Broadmoor Resort Community Association. Land that had once been owned by The Broadmoor on the mountain was sold and is now the site of luxury homes.</p><br>
<h2>NORAD operations center</h2><br>
<p>In the 1950s, during the Cold War, the interior of the mountain became a site for the operations center for the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The center, deep within Cheyenne Mountain, was completed in 1966 after spending $142 million and using 500 tons of explosives. The result was an underground city operated by the Air Force. Popular Science wrote in 1965, before the dedication of the facility, that Cheyenne Mountain is the only mountain known to have buildings constructed on the inside of a mountain. It was built to withstand being bombed: eleven multiple-story buildings stand on coil springs to absorb the shock of a blast and it was designed so that up to 800 people could survive fall-out of a nuclear bomb. The buildings are encased in steel, surrounded by granite, and the facility is behind blast-proof doors. It was designed to be the "nerve center" for NORAD.</p><br>
<p>The NORAD center has been staffed by Canadian and United States military personnel to monitor North American air space for intercontinental ballistic missiles and incoming Soviet military aircraft. Locally, this military boom during the Cold War included the establishment of the United States Air Force Academy, Peterson Air Force Base, and Fort Carson. After the Cold War, NORAD monitored objects orbiting the earth and aircraft without flight plans. It is also known for monitoring the Christmas Eve orbit of Santa Claus.</p><br>
<p>NORAD used to offer public tours, but due to security concerns they were suspended in 1999. The off-ramp on NORAD road has been staffed by Air Force Security Police since September 11, 2001. Most of the center&#39;s operations were moved to Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado Springs in 2006, then in April 2015, the Pentagon reported that a few operations would be moving back in.</p><br>
<h2>Antenna farm</h2><br>
<p>During the 1950s, an antenna farm was built on the middle peak of the mountain when Bert Swisher deeded ten acres to Bud Edmonds and several backers and Swisher signed a non-compete agreement. Edmonds, John Browne, and Buck Ingersoll agreed to replace the trails to the area with a real road, which was opened in 1960 by the Cheyenne Propagation Company. There are 700 cell phone, television, radio, and law enforcement transmitters on the antenna farm. The Cheyenne Mountain radio site 145.160 repeater covers south central and southeast Colorado along the Interstate 25 corridor from Monument nearly to the New Mexico border. In 2002, it was operated by the Cheyenne Propagation Company.</p><br>
<h2>Parks and recreation</h2><br>
<h3>Cheyenne Mountain State Park</h3><br>
<p>The City of Colorado Springs and Colorado State Parks purchased 1,680 acres of land to preserve the "southeastern flank" of the mountain and its wildlife habitat in 2000. The land, originally the JL Ranch, was slated for development of 2,500 houses. The land was purchased to create the Cheyenne Mountain State Park, which is the only state park in El Paso County. An additional 1,021 acres at the top and east side of Cheyenne Mountain were acquired from 2007 to 2009. The park is now a total of 2,701 acres, part of which is at the base of the mountain and part of which is on Cheyenne Mountain. It has 20 miles of trails.</p><br>
<h3>Cheyenne Cañon</h3><br>
<p>The 1,600 acre North Cheyenne Cañon Park, Starsmore Discovery Center, Seven Falls, and some of Colorado Springs "most exclusive neighborhoods" are located in Cheyenne Cañon. The source of North Cheyenne Creek is in Teller County. South Cheyenne Creeks source, also in Teller County, is Mount Big Chief, near St. Peter&#39;s Dome. The flows through Seven Falls in South Cheyenne Cañon.</p><br>
<p>North Cheyenne Cañon Park was started when the city of Colorado Springs bought 640 acres in North Cheyenne Cañon from Colorado College in 1885. An additional 480 acres was donated by General William Jackson Palmer. That land included High Drive, Silver Cascade Falls, and Helen Hunt Falls. In 1909 the Park Commission called it "by far the grandest and most popular of all the beautiful cañons near the city" for its evergreen trees, waterfalls, Cheyenne Creek, and rock formations. Moderate hikes in the canon include Mount Cutler and Columbine trails.</p><br>
<p>The two creeks meet and form Cheyenne Creek near the intersection of North Cheyenne Canyon Road, South Cheyenne Canyon Road, and Cheyenne Boulevard.</p><br>
<h3>Historic trails</h3><br>
<p>Two historic trails, only shown on the Pikes Peak Atlas, lead to the summit top of Cheyenne Mountain: the unofficial and faintly visible Swisher and the McNeil trails. At the top of the Swisher trail is a meadow and ruins of an old cabin.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Helen Hunt Jackson&#39;s poem, Cheyenne Mountain was published by 1893.</p><br>
<p>A fictionalized Cheyenne Mountain NORAD base was the setting for the 1983 movie WarGames.</p><br>
<p>Cheyenne Mountain is the base of the fictional SGC (Stargate Command) and the location of the stargate in the military science fiction show Stargate SG-1.</p><br>
<p>The Mountain was featured only for a few moments in the 2016 film, Independence Day: Resurgence.</p><br>
<p>It is an early command center for the human resistance in L. Ron Hubbard&#39;s "Battlefield Earth: A Saga of the Year 3000" (1982, ).</p><br>
<p>Located Cooksville near Sykesville in Howard County, Maryland, United States, Pleasant Valley, known as Lost by Neglect.</p><br>
<p>The historic house is located on a portion of the 100-acre land grant named "Good Neighborhood" surveyed by Adam Shipley in 1742. In 1754, the section was part of a 103 acre land grant surveyed by Mordecai Selby Sr. called "Selby&#39;s Inheritance" and resurveyed as a 226 acre lot in 1775 as "Lost by Neglect". The original structure was built with stone construction in 1754. In 1859, a wooden addition was built by Henry Forsythe and given the name Pleasant Valley. In 1888 Henry Forsythe moved to the neighboring "Oaklands" plantation, leaving the estate in the hands of his heirs. Outbuilding include two barns, one of which was built with peg construction situated on land that has been subdivided from the estate. By 1976, the estate has been subdivided leaving only 14 acres of the original parcel remaining.</p><br>
<p>The Red House Tavern is located in Cooksville in Howard County, Maryland, United States. It was situated midway along the Old Frederick Road between Baltimore and Frederick, used as a rest stop for travelers. The house is the birthplace of Thomas Cook born in 1768, who founded Cooksville in 1802.</p><br>
<p>The -story-tall stone house was built in the 18th century when the region consisted mostly of slave-operated tobacco plantations. The building was built with a high pitched roof and dormers. The house was described by Ferdinand Baynard in his 1791 writings. George Washington was reported to have stayed at the inn during his travels along the main western road of the era. The original kitchen was located in the basement of the stone building with iron bars set to discourage looting. A log house is situated southwest of the building. A frame kitchen addition was later added to the rear of the building. In 1976, the property consisted of 125 acre owned by H.B.L. Properties (E. Brooklee). The property has since been subdivided into a series of pipe-stem residential lots, with the original parcel maintaining a large commercial construction operation on the property.</p><br>
<p>The Raymond Rebarchek Colony Farm is a historic farm property on Rebarchek Avenue in Palmer, Alaska. It consists of a 40 acre tract of land granted to Raymond Rebarchek in a 1935 land lottery organized by the Matanuska Valley Colony, a Depression-era agricultural colony project. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. At that time the farm complex included ten buildings, including Rebarcheck&#39;s original log house, the first built in the colony, along with a dairy barn, wellhouse, greenhouse, chicken house. Only the house, wellhouse and barn are still standing today. The property was purchased by the Alaska State Fair in 2002, which is contemplating the establishment of a demonstration farm there.</p><br>
<p>The C. F. Douglas House is a historic house on United States Route 2/Maine State Route 8 in Norridgewock, Maine. The house, designed by local architect Charles F. Douglas for his family, was built in 1868, and is one of the region&#39;s finest examples of Italianate architecture, with ornate trim and a prominent three-story square tower. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Douglas house is a two-story wood frame structure, finished with a gable roof, two interior brick chimneys, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. There are two main entrances to the house, one in an asymmetrically placed three-story tower on the east side of the building, and another on the south side of the house, facing the driveway. The two entrances are connected by a single-story wraparound porch supported by groups of ornately decorated square columns. Roof lines of the porch, main roof, and tower roof are dentillated and bracketed. Fenestration in the tower includes typically Italianate round-arch windows, including paired ones on each side at the top stage. The property includes a two-story carriage barn which has similar decorative style.</p><br>
<p>Charles F. Douglas was born in Brunswick, Maine, and was self-taught as an architect, opening a practice in Skowhegan in the 1860s. He designed this house for his family, and built it in 1868 on land belonging to his wifes family in Norridgewock. They lost the house to foreclosure the following year, and moved to Lewiston, where Douglas did some of his finest works, including Lewistons Continental Mill. This house is a remarkably sophisticated expression of the Italianate style for a rural inland community in Maine; such buildings are more commonly found in coastal communities.</p><br>
<p>Eegonos, known more recently as East of Eden, is a historic summer estate house at 145 Eden Street in Bar Harbor, Maine. Built in 1910 to a design by Boston architect Guy Lowell, it is one of a small number of summer houses to escape Bar Harbor&#39;s devastating 1947 fire, which resulted in the destruction of many such buildings. It is an architecturally sophisticated expression of Beaux Arts and Mediterranean Revival styles, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Eegonos is set on the shore of Frenchman Bay, about 3 mi north of Bar Harbor&#39;s center. It is a 2-1/2 story H-shaped structure, with a central block flanked by projecting sections on each side. The southeastern section has a single-story porch, supported by paired Ionic columns, extending across much of its width. The building is of masonry construction with a stucco finish, and is topped by a red tile roof. The roofs of the side sections are hipped, while the central section has a side-gable roof pierced by four hip-roof dormers on both the land and ocean sides. The interiors are elegantly appointed, with a marble-floored vestibule, fireplaces finished in marble and wood, and ceilings with decorative friezes and medallions. The building has seen only modest alterations since its construction.</p><br>
<p>The first summer house built on this property was called "Sonogee", and was destroyed by fire within two years of its construction. Mr. and Mrs. Walter G. Ladd commissioned the noted Boston architect Guy Lowell to design the present building, which was completed in 1910. They called it "Eegonos", reversing the spelling of the previously named estate. The property was described in an architectural journal in 1910, along with another Lowell commission, Eden Hall, a performance hall in Bar Harbor which burned down in the 1947 fire. The house remained in the Ladd family until 1949, and was used as dormitory housing for a French language school from 1959 to 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Idarkopf near Stipshausen in the Hunsrück is a mountain, within the Idar Forest in the German counties of Birkenfeld and Bernkastel-Wittlich. It is one of the highest mountains in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The Idarkopf lies in the northeastern part of the Idar Forest and within the Saar-Hunsrück Nature Park. Its summit rises around 2 km northwest of the village of Stipshausen (county of Birkenfeld) and 4 km southeast of the village of Hochscheid (Bernkastel-Wittlich). Whilst the summit and the southeastern flank of the mountain belong to Stipshausen, its western flanks up to the crest and northern to northeastern areas belong to the village of Weitersbach (county of Birkenfeld) which lies 3.5 km east-northeast of the summit (both distances as the crow flies). The Idarbach stream flows past the Idarkopf to the northeast.</p><br>
<h2>Towers</h2><br>
<p>About 200 metres northwest of the summit of the Idarkopf at a height of stands the observation tower known as the Idarkopf Tower, from which there are views, for example, of the Taunus, the Donnersberg across the Hunsrück, to the Eifel and of the Westerwald. Around 300 metres northeast of the summit at a height of about stands a transmission tower.</p><br>
<p>The Aherlow River  is a river in County Limerick and County Tipperary, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name Aherlow comes from eatharlach, an old Irish word believed to mean "lowland between two high lands", i.e. a valley, in this case between the Galtee Mountains and Slievenamuck.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Aherlow River rises in Anglesborough, County Limerick, flowing westward towards Ballygibbon and then turning north, meeting two tributaries in Lyre and flowing northwards near Galbally, County Limerick. It then turns eastwards, passes under the R663 and for 5 km forms the County Limerick–County Tipperary border. It enters the Glen of Aherlow then, and follows a meandering course through the Glen, meeting the Clydagh River at Pollagh and another tributary at Ashgrove, where it passes under the five-arch Ashgrove Bridge. The Aherlow River continues eastward, passing under the Limerick–Rosslare railway line in Tankerstown and is bridged by the N24. It meets the River Ara and another tributary at Ballymorris, and flows on southeastwards, flowing into the Suir at Kilmoyler.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>As with many tributaries of the River Suir, the Aherlow River is a noted brown trout fishery.</p><br>
<p>The Chambers–Robinson House  is a historic house located at 910 Montgomery Avenue in Sheffield, Alabama.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1890 by Judson G. Chambers, and sold to Charles and Dora Robinson in 1898. In 1923, the Robinsons daughter Caroline and her husband Samuel Cooke built a house one block away, and converted the original house to apartments. They sold the new house in 1940, and lived in the original house until their deaths. The Cookes daughter sold the house in 1962, and it has remained outside the family since. The house was built in Queen Anne style with some Eastlake details. The two-story frame house has a steeply pitched hipped roof supported by decorative brackets and pierced by several dormers. A porch wraps around the left corner of the house, and features elaborate posts, brackets, and latticework. The entry hall features a grand Eastlake staircase.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1992, and on the National Register of Historic Places on May 14, 1993.</p><br>
<p>The John and Archibald Christian House  is a historic residence near Tuscumbia, Alabama. The house was built in the 1830s by brothers John and Archibald Christian, who were among a group of settlers from the Piedmont region of Virginia who came to Tuscumbia in the 1820s and 1830s. The family had left the house by the 1860s, and in the late 19th century, it was the home of Governor Robert B. Lindsay. In the 1900s, the house was the center of a dairy farm, before it and the surrounding 50 acres  were acquired by the Tennessee Valley Country Club in 1923. The country club uses the house as a social meeting area and caretaker&#39;s quarters.</p><br>
<p>Situated on a hill overlooking Tuscumbia, the house has a double-height portico flanked by six-over-six sash windows on each floor. Twin entrance doors lead into separate front rooms that were a portion of the house as originally built. Each room has an Adamesque mantel. A transverse rear hall was added around 1923, joining the main block with a detached kitchen. The main stairway to the second floor was moved to this hall, replacing separate stairhalls in the front rooms.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Spoonville site, also designated 20OT1, is a historic archeological site, located on the banks of the Grand River in Crockery Township, Ottawa County, Michigan, United States. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The site, located on a terrace between Crockery Creek and the Grand River, was the location of a large Middle Woodland period village and burial mound complex.</p><br>
<p>In 1856, John Spoon and his brother, Daniel, arrived in this location and constructed a sawmill. Eventually a small town, Spoonville, grew up around the site, and in 1871, was established as a station on the Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore Railroad.</p><br>
<p>Spoon discovered three mounds on his property. One of these, reportedly long and high, was destroyed in the construction of the sawmill. The first archaeological investigation of the site was conducted by Able Anderson in 1857. Anderson excavated one of the mounds, reporting human remains and other artifacts. In 1876, William D. Gunning carried out further excavation at the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, the rail line through Spoonville was torn up.</p><br>
<p>More recent excavations of the Spoonville site were made in 1962, and excavation of the village at the site continued through the next few decades.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Calumet River is a 13.0 mi river that flows primarily into Lake Michigan. Originating in Miller Beach in Gary, it flows through the cities of Gary, East Chicago and Hammond, as well as Calumet City and Burnham on the Illinois side. The majority of the rivers flow drains into Lake Michigan via the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal, sending about 1,500 cuft per second of water into the lake. A smaller part of the flow, at the rivers western end, enters the Calumet River and ultimately drains into the Illinois and ultimately the Mississippi River.</p><br>
<p>Today, a large portion of the rivers flow originates as municipal and industrial effluent, cooling and process water and storm water overflows. Although discharges have been reduced, a number of contaminants continue to impair the area. The river is among the countrys most severely polluted, and as of 2015 was in the late stages of a major dredging project to remove thousands of tons of contaminated sediment and rehabilitate the river ecosystem.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Calumet is divided into an East and West branch, on the respective sides of the Indiana Harbor Canal. The East Branch, which drains entirely into Lake Michigan, rises in Marquette Park in Gary&#39;s Miller Beach neighborhood, passing through a series of three lagoons before flowing into the Miller Woods unit of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and then on to the industrial zone of Gary. It leaves Gary by passing under Cline Avenue, and then defines the boundary between East Chicago and Hammond until reaching the Indiana Harbor Canal near Kennedy Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The West Branch drains partly into the Indiana Harbor Canal and partly into the Calumet River, which drains into the Chicago Area Waterway System and ultimately into the Illinois River. The divide between the part of the West Branch flowing into the Illinois River and the part flowing to Lake Michigan is in Hammond, Indiana, near the Illinois-Indiana state line. The West Branch joins the Little Calumet at Burnham, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>In addition, the Indiana Harbor Canal itself is sometimes treated as a part of the Grand Calumet, which brings the river&#39;s total length to 16.0 mi.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Calumet flows through the Calumet Lacustrine Plain, a region of low, undulating sandy terrain adjoining Lake Michigan. Groundwater contributions to the river, which account for less than 10% of total flow, come from the Calumet Aquifer, an unconfined water-table aquifer. The Calumet Aquifer is less than 10 feet below the surface in most areas, and has an average thickness of 40 feet.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the industrialization of the Chicago area and the creation of the Chicago Area Waterway System, the Grand Calumet flowed into Lake Michigan at Marquette Park in Miller Beach, near where its headwaters now lie. In this original configuration, the Grand Calumet included much of what is now the Little Calumet River, while the original "Little Calumet" was just a minor stream draining out into Lake Calumet. This original river is sometimes called by the older name Konomick or Kennomick to distinguishing it from the Grand Calumet of today; the term comes from the Miami kinwikami, or "long water river".</p><br>
<p>This arrangement began to shift in the early 19th century, either in 1805 or between 1809 and 1820, when some combination of flooding and human excavation opened up a channel allowing the upper Grand Calumet (now Little Calumet) to drain directly into Lake Calumet via the original Little Calumet channel. This created the basic definitions of the rivers as they exist today, as what had been the upper reaches of the Grand Calumet now became part of the Little Calumet. The Grand Calumet at this point still flowed from west to east, emptying into the lake at Miller Beach.</p><br>
<p>In 1848, the Calumet Feeder Canal was constructed to carry water from the Calumet system at Blue Island to the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which was suffering from low water levels. This reversed the flow of the Grand Calumet, so that it now flowed from east to west, draining out of Lake Michigan at Miller Beach. By 1872, the river&#39;s original mouth at Miller had been completely blocked by sandbars.</p><br>
<p>Industrial development on the banks of the Grand Calumet began in the late 19th century, starting with the George Hammond packing company in Hammond. The accumulation of industrial sediment in the river had become problematic by 1885. The construction of the Gary Works in 1905 involved diverting and channelizing a considerable part of the East Branch to make way for the new steel mill. Previously, the Grand Calumet had flowed across a large part of the present-day mill site, and spread to 1,000 feet wide during floods.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, the Indiana Harbor Canal was completed, again reversing the flow in the eastern portion of the West Branch and creating the approximate flows that exist today, with the East Branch and eastern part of the West Branch emptying into Lake Michigan at Indiana Harbor, while the remainder of the West Branch flows west.</p><br>
<p>Continuing industrialization along the Grand Calumet led to steadily increasing levels of pollution. By the mid-20th century, the river "had become an industrial sewer, incapable of supporting any life except for blue-green algae and sludgeworms."</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>Approximately 90% of the flow of the Grand Calumet consists of industrial and municipal effluent.</p><br>
<p>The portion of the Grand Calumet within Indiana has been designated a Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AoC) under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, one of 43 sites favored with such a designation. The Grand Calumet has been listed as one of the 43 AoCs since 1986.</p><br>
<p>AoCs are designated by having an impairment in at least one of fourteen beneficial uses. The Grand Calumet is the only AoC to be impaired on all fourteen. These impairments include total fish consumption restrictions, beach closings, fish tumors or deformities, animal deformities or reproductive problems, and loss or degradation of fish and wildlife habitat, benthos, phytoplankton, and zooplankton populations, among others.</p><br>
<p>As of 2015, a major dredging project was under way to remove several hundred thousand tons of toxic sediment from the bottom of the Grand Calumet. The dredging was expected to be complete in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The largest extent of the river&#39;s impairment comes from the historical sediment contamination by the industrial activities already mentioned. Today, sediments on the river bottom are "among the most contaminated and toxic that have ever been reported." Only sludge worms inhabit the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal, indicating that severe pollution exists. The Grand Calumet suffers from contamination from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). and heavy metals, such as mercury, cadmium, chromium and lead. Additional problems include high fecal coliform bacteria levels, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids, oil and grease. These contaminants originate from both point and nonpoint sources.</p><br>
<h3>Nonpoint sources</h3><br>
<p>Contaminated sediment: The Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor and Canal contain 5 to 10 million cubic yards (3.9 to 7.7 million m) of contaminated sediment up to 20 feet (6 m) deep. Contaminants include toxic compounds (e.g., PAHs, PCBs and heavy metals) and conventional pollutants (e.g., phosphorus, nitrogen, iron, magnesium, volatile solids, oil and grease).</p><br>
<p>Industrial waste site runoff: Stormwater runoff and leachate from 11 of 38 waste disposal and storage sites in the AoC, located within 0.2 miles (300 m) of the river, are degrading the water quality. Contaminants include oil, heavy metals, arsenic, PCBs, PAHs and lead.</p><br>
<p>Superfund sites: There are 52 sites in the AoC listed in the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) System, more commonly known as Superfund. Five of these sites are on the National Priorities List.</p><br>
<p>Hazardous waste sites under RCRA: There are 423 hazardous waste sites in the AoC regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), such as landfills or surface impoundments, where hazardous waste is disposed. Twenty-two of these sites are treatment, storage and disposal facilities.</p><br>
<p>Underground storage tanks (USTs): There are more than 460 underground storage tanks in the AoC. More than 150 leaking tank reports have been filed for the Lake County section of the AoC since mid-1987.</p><br>
<p>Atmospheric deposition: Atmospheric deposition of toxic substances from fossil fuel burning, waste incineration and evaporation enter the AoC through direct contact with water, surface water runoff and leaching of accumulated materials deposited on land. Toxins from this source include dioxins, PCBs, insecticides and heavy metals.</p><br>
<p>Urban runoff: Rain water passing over paved urban areas washes grease, oil and toxic organics such as PCBs and PAHs into the surface waters.</p><br>
<p>Contaminated groundwater: Groundwater contaminated with organic compounds, heavy metals and petroleum products contaminates surface waters. The USA Environmental Protection Agency estimates that at least 16.8 million US gallons (64,000 m) of oil float on top of groundwater beneath the AoC.</p><br>
<h3>Point sources of contaminants</h3><br>
<p>Industrial and Municipal Wastewater Discharges: Three steel manufacturers contribute 90 percent of industrial point source discharges to river. One chemical manufacturer also discharges into the river. Permitted discharges include arsenic, cadmium, cyanide, copper, chromium, lead and mercury. Three municipal treatment works (Gary, Hammond and East Chicago Sanitary Districts) discharge treated domestic and industrial wastewater.</p><br>
<p>Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs): Fifteen CSOs contribute untreated municipal waste, including conventional and toxic pollutants, to the river. Annually, CSO outfalls discharge an estimated 11 billion US gallons (42,000,000 m) of raw wastewater into the harbor and river. Approximately 57% of the annual CSO volume is discharged within eight miles (13 km) of Lake Michigan, resulting in nearshore fecal coliform contamination.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The total area drained by the Grand Calumet is less than 50 square miles. It is one of the region&#39;s smallest watersheds.</p><br>
<h3>Flora and fauna</h3><br>
<p>Fish populations in most of the Grand Calumet were virtually wiped out in the 20th century, although the headwaters area continues to support sensitive native species including the Iowa darter. The fish community in most of the river today is dominated by exotic and nonindigenous detritivores.</p><br>
<p>A string of nature preserves operated by The Nature Conservancy, the Shirley Heinze Land Trust and the Lake County Parks Department run along the banks of the lower East Branch in Gary, East Chicago and Hammond. Known as the Tolleston Strand Plain, the preserves are home to the dune and swale habitat, which once covered large areas around the Great Lakes but is now considered globally rare. Dune and swale complexes are known for their high levels of biodiversity. Endangered and threatened species in these nature preserves along the Grand Calumet include the Karner blue butterfly. Other rare species include the Franklins ground squirrel, Blandings turtle, the glass lizard and the black-crowned night heron.</p><br>
<p>The Puhl House, also known as the Bacon House, is a historic house at the corner of Scott Road and Glenn Highway in Palmer, Alaska. It is a rectangular single-story log structure measuring 35 x, built out of round logs joined by saddle notches at the corners. The diameter and length of the logs reduces as they rise to the eaves; oakum chinking is used to close the gaps. The house was built in 1935 by Joe and Blanche Puhl, settlers who were part of the Matanuska Valley Colony settlement project. This building is distinctive as a colony house because it was not built by the crews of the Works Progress Administration that built most of the colony&#39;s housing; the Puhls organized their own construction team and acquired materials for its construction on their own.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Katahdin is a historic steamboat berthed on Moosehead Lake in Greenville, Maine. Built in 1914 at the Bath Iron Works, she at first served the tourist trade on the lake before being converted to a towboat hauling lumber. She was fully restored in the 1990s by the nonprofit Moosehead Maritime Museum, and is again giving tours on the lake. One of the very few surviving early lake boats in Maine, and the oldest vessel afloat built at Bath, she was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Katahdin is a bluff-bowed steamer, 102 ft long, with a beam of 28 ft and a hull depth of 9 ft. Her hull is steel, with two wooden decks. Her typical draft is 3 ft. Her original configuration included enclosed passenger spaces on two decks, with an open area at the stern on the lower deck, and surrounding the enclosed area on the upper deck. The pilot house is located at the front of the upper deck enclosure. The main passenger entryways are located on the lower deck on either side of the pilot house.</p><br>
<p>Katahdin was built in 1914 at the Bath Iron Works for the Coburn Steamship Company, and is the oldest vessel afloat built at Bath. She was shipped in sections to Greenville, where final assembly took place. Her primary use when launched was to deliver tourists and supplies to the Mount Kineo Resort from Greenville Junction, but she also offered cruises on the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression and the increased use of the automobile for leisure transportation led to a decline in demand, and she made her last tourist trip in 1938. In 1940 she was acquired by a paper company (later itself merged into the Scott Paper Company), and converted for use as a towboat hauling timber across the lake. This conversion included the removal of the promenade areas of the decks, and the replacement of the steam plant by a diesel engine. She continued in this use until 1976.</p><br>
<p>Not long afterward, a local nonprofit, the Moosehead Marine Museum, was organized to preserve her. She was sufficiently restored to provide tours of the lake, and again began serving the tourist trade. After a major fundraising effort begun in 1993, she was fully restored, including a replating of her hull by the Bath Iron Works. The upper deck is now fiberglass, and the promenades have been restored. In 2012 her keel was replaced.</p><br>
<p>Katahdin now offers cruises between June and October, traveling either 12 or 20 miles up the lake, in cruises with durations of 3 and 4 1/2 hours. She is also available for hire for private events.</p><br>
<p>Bucklebury Manor is a Grade II listed manor in Bucklebury, West Berkshire, England.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Bucklebury Manor is located at Pease Hill in Bucklebury, a village in West Berkshire, England. The estate spans 18 acres.</p><br>
<h2>History of Bucklebury Manorial Estate</h2><br>
<p>King Henry I originally bestowed land on the monks of Reading Abbey, who created fishponds in the grounds – three of which still exist. In 1540, following the Dissolution of the Monasteries including Reading Abbey, King Henry VIII granted it to John Winchcombe, the wealthy son of a local wool merchant, who became an MP four years later. The manorial estate, including Bucklebury House, later passed to the Hartley family, descendants of a female branch of the Winchcombe family. The Hartleys still retain the title of Lord and Lady of the Manor.</p><br>
<h3>Bucklebury Manor</h3><br>
<p>A Georgian house, Bucklebury Manor was built on the estate in the 1830s. It contains within its interior an early C17 ashlar fireplace that is carved with panelled pilasters that support a rich cornice. There is also an over-mantel with shallow carved decoration, and a moulded flat arch with Delft type glazed tiles behind. There are seven bedrooms. Bucklebury Manor is situated on over 18 acres and has a tennis court and a swimming-pool.</p><br>
<p>It is owned by Carole and Michael Middleton, the parents of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge.</p><br>
<p>William Hartley Russell – Lord of the Manor of Bucklebury– had moved to nearby Bucklebury House in 1957. He and his wife were guests at the wedding of Catherine Middleton and Prince William at Westminster Abbey in April 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>Bucklebury Manor has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 22 November 1983.</p><br>
<p>Harveys Lake  is a natural lake in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. It has a surface area of approximately 621.5 acres, or nearly a square mile. The lake is situated entirely within the borough of Harveys Lake. By volume, it is the largest natural lake in Pennsylvania, and by surface area, is the second-largest lake. It is a glacial lake surrounded by hills and is the source of Harveys Creek, a tributary of the Susquehanna River. The lake has a stone masonry dam. The lakes watershed has an area of approximately 3600 acres. The majority of the watershed is forested, but there is some developed land as well. Nearly all of the developed land is close to the lake itself, and the lake is surrounded entirely by a paved road.</p><br>
<p>Harveys Lake was affected by algae blooms from the mid-20th century onward, and these algae blooms were caused by pollution of nutrients, especially phosphorus. The lake was identified as impaired in 1994, with an annual phosphorus load of 1,019 lb. However, the phosphorus load has been reduced somewhat since then. The lake is listed on the Luzerne County Natural Areas Inventory. A number of rare or endangered plant species have been observed in its vicinity. Various species of fish inhabit the lake and a number of bird species have been observed in its vicinity.</p><br>
<p>Harveys Lake was accidentally discovered by Benjamin Harvey in 1781. The first settlers arrived at the lake in the 1790s and 1800s. Early industries in the area included lumbering and farming, but it became well known as a summer resort in the latter part of the 1800s and into the 1900s. It was also used as a water supply in the early 1900s. However, the lake began to develop significant environmental problems in the 1960s and a total maximum daily load was created for it in 1994. Since 1968, the lake has been located in the borough of Harveys Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Harveys Lake is the largest natural lake in Pennsylvania by volume and the second-largest by surface area. By surface area, it was approximately twice its current size when it was first surveyed in the late 1700s.</p><br>
<p>Harveys Lake is situated in the borough of Harveys Lake, and it is 12 mi northwest of the city of Wilkes-Barre.</p><br>
<p>Harveys Lake is of glacial origin. It is surrounded by steep hills on all sides. At their highest point, to the south of the lake, the hills reach 410 ft above the lake&#39;s elevation. The lake has a gravel bottom.</p><br>
<p>The main outflow of Harveys Lake is Harveys Creek, a tributary of the Susquehanna River.</p><br>
<p>A 1921 book described the shape of Harveys Lake as "very irregular". The lake has a maximum length of 15,640 ft and a maximum width of 4,960 ft. It has a capacity of 7.733 e9USgal. Harveys Lake is dammed by a stone masonry dam with two spillways. The dam is 120 ft long and 4 ft high.</p><br>
<p>Harveys Lake was described as "one of the most beautiful" lakes in Pennsylvania in Henry C. Bradsby&#39;s 1893 book History of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>Harveys Lake is situated in the United States Geological Survey quadrangles of Harveys Lake and Noxen. The watershed of the lake has an area of 3,600 acre. Most of the watershed is in Luzerne County, but its northeasternmost portion is in Wyoming County.</p><br>
<p>The vast majority (2,841 acre) of the watershed of Harveys Lake is forested land. Developed land and farmland comprise 499 acre and 154.7 acre, respectively. Unpaved roads make up 2.5 acre of the watershed. Most of the developed land is used for residential and commercial purposes. One developed area in the watershed is known as Hemlock Gardens, which occupies an area of 28 acre and has 26 homes. The development had steep slopes (8 to 18 percent grade), unpaved roads, and no infrastructure for dealing with stormwater. However, a nutrient-separating baffle box and a water polishing unit were installed in the development, reducing the phosphorus load of Harveys Lake by an estimated 36 lb per year.</p><br>
<p>The shoreline of Harveys Lake is entirely surrounded by a paved road, which is atypical for a lake shoreline. Homes and cottages are situated on the road opposite the lake, A ditch and outlet drainage structure made of concrete at Wardens Place drains into the lake; its purpose is to control small-scale local road flooding.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Although Harveys Lake&#39;s waters were described as having "great purity" in 1893, the lake has experienced nutrient pollution, especially from phosphorus since at least the mid-20th century. Algae blooms occurred on the lake and caused a reduction in water quality throughout the latter half of the 20th century. A sewage system was installed in the borough of Harveys Lake in the summer of 1976, but this did not completely stop the algae blooms. However, the phosphorus load in the lake has been reduced by 29 percent. The lake was identified as impaired in 1994, with the cause of the impairment being large algae blooms and sedimentation in some areas. It is an anoxic lake.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s, the concentration of phosphorus in the waters of Harveys Lake was measured to be 0.031 milligrams per liter. The annual load of phosphorus was 1,019 lb per year. The lake&#39;s total maximum daily load for phosphorus is 0.024 milligrams per liter and 789 lb per year.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s, 255 lb of the annual phosphorus load of Harveys Lake came from internal loading, 233 lb came from groundwater, 199 lb came from developed land, and 150 lb came from shorelines. Smaller sources of phosphorus included farmland (95 lb per year), forests (51 lb per year), septic systems (33 lb per year), and unpaved roads (3.4 lb per year).</p><br>
<p>The hydraulic residence time of Harveys Lake is 1116 days. Visibility in the lake is typically approximately 10 ft. However, it can be as low as 5 ft or as high as 15 ft.</p><br>
<h2>History and recreation</h2><br>
<p>Harveys Lake was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1200085. Lake Township is named after the lake.</p><br>
<p>Harveys Lake is named after Benjamin Harvey, a member of the Sons of Liberty and among the first settlers of the Wyoming Valley. Harvey inadvertently discovered the lake in 1781, while returning home after being held as a prisoner of war in Fort Niagara. The first resident in the vicinity of the lake was Matthew Scouten, who arrived in the early 1790s, but the first settlers were the Worthingtons, who arrived in 1806. The lake was first surveyed by Christopher Hurlbert in 1794, and the first person of European descent to explore the lake by canoe was Andrew Bennett, in 1800.</p><br>
<p>The early settlers in the vicinity of Harveys Lake mainly engaged in lumbering and farming, which was a common occupation. In the early 1900s, there were three hotels, two hundred cottages, and sixty boathouses on the lake, most of them at least 15 ft above the water line.</p><br>
<p>The Harvey Lake and Towanda Branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad was constructed in the late 1800s. It ran directly from Wilkes-Barre to Harveys Lake. In the 1890s, railroad lines were constructed from the lake to the communities of Pittston and Towanda.</p><br>
<p>Harveys Lake has been popular for recreational purposes since the late 1800s. Places such as Warden Place and Sandy Beach were popular recreational areas near the lake in the early 1900s. Around this time period, there were four steamboats on Harveys Lake. They were used for carrying passengers and freight. Recreational steamboat rides on the lake were popular between 1900 and 1920. A 60-foot (18-meter) high Shoot the Chute was built in the area by Charles Shelley in 1910. It was one of the largest attractions in the lake&#39;s vicinity. A casino near the lake was opened by Frank Devlin in May 1924, but was demolished in 1980. Devlin also opened the largest bowling alley in northeast Pennsylvania near the lake. Throughout the 20th century, prior to and after World War II, the lake attracted thousands of visitors yearly.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, Harveys Lake was used as a water supply for Nanticoke, as a private ice supply, and as a summer resort.</p><br>
<p>Harveys Lake has been the subject of scientific studies since the late 1940s, when C. B. Reif conducted limnological studies on it. By the 1960s, Harveys Lake began to develop environmental problems. It was the subject of a number of studies in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These studies indicated that the lake was eutrophic. Algae blooms caused it to be closed to swimming in 1981 and 1990. The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection completed a phosphorus TMDL for the lake in 2002.</p><br>
<p>In modern times, the main recreational uses of Harveys Lake include swimming, fishing, and boating. However, it lacks public access locations for SCUBA diving. According to its TMDL document, the lake is "one of the most heavily used lakes in the area". It has been situated within the borough of Harveys Lake since January 1, 1968, when the borough was incorporated. In 2004, a plan to dredge and develop a patch of wetland for 30 boat slips near the lake was opposed due to safety concerns (poor visibility) as well as environmental concerns.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Harveys Lake is listed on the Luzerne County Natural Areas Inventory.</p><br>
<p>Numerous rare or endangered plant species have been observed in the vicinity of Harveys Lake. Plants in the vicinity of the lake include Vaseys pondweed, flat-leaved pondweed, grassy pondweed, broad-leaved water-milfoil, and Becks water-marigold. However, exotic and invasive plants such as fanwort and aquatic coontail also inhabit the area and have altered the habitat in the vicinity of the lake. Second-growth forests occur in the area surrounding the lake.</p><br>
<p>Algae blooms have occurred on Harveys Lake due to high levels of nutrients in the water.</p><br>
<p>Harveys Lake is inhabited by various species of native fish of Pennsylvania. In 1972, Field and Stream noted that the lake was inhabited by rainbow trout, sockeye salmon, and some lake trout. As the basin of Harveys Creek upstream of the tributary Pikes Creek is designated as a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery, the lake itself has the same designation. Harveys Lake has regulations permitting a creel limit of three trout per day, with only one being allowed to be more than 18 in long.</p><br>
<p>Various bird species have been observed in the vicinity of Harveys Lake. These include surf scoters and black scoters, which have been observed there in the winter. Although greater scaups are rare in Pennsylvania away from Lake Erie, one was observed at the lake in July 1992. Franklin&#39;s gulls have also been observed near the lake, as have snow buntings and black-legged kittiwakes, and ruddy ducks. Nine brant geese were observed on the lake in May 1997.</p><br>
